
Class. 
Book. 



ORATION 



OF 



DEMOSTHENES 



THE CROWN. 



WITH NOTES, 



By J. T. CHAMPLIN, 

PROFESSOR OP GREEK AND LATIN IN WATERVILLE COLLEGE. 



Cujus non tam vibrareut fulmina ilia, nisi numeris contorta 
ferrentur.'" — CiC. Orator, c. 70. 



NEW EDITION, REVISED. 



BOSTON: 
W I L L I A M II. D E N N E T. 

18G7. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by 
J. T. Champlin, 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts, 






PREFACE 
TO THE FIRST EDITION 



The present edition of " The Crown" owes its existence 
to the conviction, that the ripening scholarship of our land 
calls for a new attempt to illustrate this great author. It 
would have been the choice of the editor, that the work 
should have been undertaken by some abler and more ex- 
perienced hand ; but as no such hand was put to it, he 
has, after much hesitation, ventured to attempt it himself 
The points upon which most attention has been bestowed, 
and in which the merits of the edition, if it have any, will 
be found principally to consist, are the following : — 

1. An attempt has been made to furnish in the notes all 
necessaiy historical and archaeological information. The 
need of such information is veiy much felt in reading this 
Oration, since it deals largely in the history, laws, and 
politics of Athens, and, indeed, of all Greece. Laws are 
quoted, measures cited, and historical events alluded to, 
which, though familiar to the audience to which they were 
addressed, require illustration in order to be understood at 
the present time. In such a discussion, too, there are ne- 
cessarily many technical terms which need explanation. 
All needed aid of this kind, it is hoped, will be found in 
the notes. In furnishing information of this nature, I have 
derived great assistance, as will be seen by the references, 



iv PREFACE. 

from Hermann's Manual of the Political Antiquities of 
Greece ; a book full of the profoundest learning, presented 
in the clearest and most compressed form. I have also 
made free use of Thirlwall's History of Greece, an at- 
tentive perusal of which, but more particularly of Chapters 
XLI. — XLVIL, I would recommend to all who read this 
Oration. 

2. A good deal of attention has been bestowed upon the 
explanation of words, sentences, and grammatical construc- 
tions. Demosthenes is an unusually difficult author to trans- 
late ; and hence an editor, who would adapt his labors to the 
attainments of students in our academic courses, has much 
to do in the way of removing difficulties of this kind. It 
has been with this end in view, that so many words, sen- 
tences, and, in a few instances, even long passages, have 
been translated. It has not been intended, however, to 
translate any word or sentence, the meaning of which it 
might be supposed to be within the power of our ordinary 
students fully to comprehend by a reasonable amount of 
study ; except, perhaps, in a few cases, where the impor- 
tance of a word or phrase to the understanding of what 
precedes or follows seemed to render it desirable to pre- 
vent all possibility of mistaking its meaning, by translating 
it. Generally, too, only those passages have been trans- 
lated, which, in order to their full understanding, require, 
besides a translation, the introduction of certain explana- 
tory words or phrases. In other words, I have translated 
but very little barely for the purpose of translation, but 
generally with a view to the introduction or addition of cer- 
tain explanatory remarks. In doing this, however, I cannot 
deny mat my object has been to make the task of reading 
the text easier. From my own experience, both as a stu- 
dent and a teacher of this author, I am convinced that there 
is need of something being done in this way to encourage 
the efforts of the beginner. Ripe scholars, who have an 
extensive and accurate knowledge of the Greek language. 



PREFACE. v 

and who, besides, have at hand the books which are neces- 
sary for a thorough original study of Demosthenes, need 
nothing but the bare text ; but for mere learners, such as 
this book is designed for, I am satisfied that some assistance 
in the way of translating difficult words and passages is 
needed. This seems necessary, in order to prevent them 
from resorting to improper helps. Whatever objections, 
therefore, there may be, in ordinary cases, to so free a use 
of translation as has been made in the present instance, I 
hope it will be considered that there are weighty reasons 
in its favor, in this particular case, growing out of the 
nature of the author commented upon. After all the as- 
sistance that has been given in this way, it is believed that 
enough of difficulty remains to task the powers and stimu- 
late the industry of the student in no ordinary degree. It 
should be added here, that the translations given in the 
notes have been made with the simple purpose of express- 
ing, as clearly as possible, the meaning of the original. 

3. Another point upon which no inconsiderable attention 
has been bestowed, is the development of the course of 
thought pursued by the orator. For this purpose, a very 
full and minute analysis has been prefixed to the Notes, 
and special pains have been taken to point out in the notes 
the meaning of those words and phrases which may be 
regarded as the hinges of the thought, to notice the transi- 
tions, to show the connection of consecutive ideas, and the 
relevancy of what, without explanation, might appear for- 
eign to the subject. It has been my object to aid the dili- 
gent student in obtaining a clear and vivid conception of 
the stirring thoughts and sentiments contained in this mas- 
terpiece of the prince of orators ; and should it be thought 
that I have succeeded in this to any good degree, I shall 
not feel that I have labored in vain. 

In making up the notes, I have made free use of the com- 
ments of others, whenever they seemed to my purpose. I 



• i PREFACE. 

ivave designed that they should embody, in a compressed 
form, all that is truly valuable which has been contributed 
in the way of illustration, by the great editors of Demos- 
ihenes, such as Reiske, Wolf, Taylor, Schafer, etc., and 
thus be a representative of the present state of the inter- 
pretation of this author. But on very many passages 
of no inconsiderable difficulty, I could find nothing satis- 
factory in any of the commentaries of others at my com- 
mand, for the explanation of which, therefore, I have been 
obliged to draw upon my own reading and resources ; so 
inat I flatter myself it will be found that I have contributed 
*omething of my own towards the illustration of the text. 
between what is original, therefore, and what is compiled, 
(I is hoped that but few passages, which really need illus- 
iiation, will be found unexplained ; and that, whatever else 
may be said of the notes, it cannot be said of them, as 
Cecil said of commentaries on the Scriptures, that ' ; they 
<ne very good, except on difficult passages." In thus 
meeting, rather than avoiding, the difficult questions, I am 
aware that I have laid myself open much more to criticism ; 
but this consequence, however undesirable, I shall not regret, 
if I have really succeeded in throwing any light upon 
them. 



This new edition has been as carefully revised as the 
time and circumstances of the editor would admit, and it 
is hoped will be found to contain ail that the ordinary reader 
may desire. 



ARM02QEN0TZ 
I1EPI TOT ZTEQANOT AOTGX 



Upwrov fiev, o) ctvSpes ' AQr\valoi, tols 6eol<? ev^ofxai 1 
rracrt /ecu irdaat^, bcrrjv evvoiav e^cov ey<y BiareXco ttj 

fctf T€ 7ToXei KCLL TTCMJIV V/MV, TOO~aVTTjV VTTap^ai [AOL 7TCLp 

vficov et? tovtovi tov aycova, eireiu , o rrep eart puiXiau 
virep vfjbwv kcu, ttJ? vpierepa^ evcrefteias re kcll Sof?;?, 
tovto TrapacrirjaaL tov$ Oeovs vp.lv, pur) tov avTiBi/cov 
(TVfjLpovXov iroirjaaadai irepi tov 7ra>9 a/coveiv vfias e/xov 
Bee (a^erXiov yap av eirj tovto ye\ aXXa tow? vof-iovs a 
kclL tov opKOV, ev u> 7rpo? airaai toIs aXXois Sifcaiois 
teat, tovto yeypaiTTai, to o/jLolcd<? apicpoiv uKpoaaaauai. 
Tovto S' earlv ov piovov to pn] irpoicaTeyvwKevai pirjSe'v, 
ovBf. to ttjv evvoiav icrrjv apupoTepoi? airohovvai, aXXj- 
kcu to Trj Ta^et fcai ty) airoXoyia, a>9 /3e/3ovXr)Tai tcai 
7rporjpr}TaL twv aycovi&pievcov kfcacrTO^, ovtws eaacu 
^p-qaaaOai. 

IJoXXa puev ovv eycoy eXaTTovpiai kcltcl tovtovl tov 3 
aycova Aia-ylvov, Svo S , o) av$pe<; Adrjvai'oi, Kai pie- 
<vaXa ' ev piev otl ov irepi tcov uawv aycovi^opiai • ov 



V AHM029EN0YS 

yap ecrrtv 'tcrov vvv ejiol rrj? Trap vjiwv evvota^ ti.ap.ap- 

T6LV KCLL TOVTW /J.1] 6\€CV T1)V ypaCp^V, tl\\ ejJOL JXeV ( OV 

fiovXojiai Be bvcr)/epe$ elirelv ovbev dp%op.evo$ rov Xoyou), 
oi/ro? 8 ex rreptovcna^ fiov KaTTjyopei. Erepov b , b 

d)V<76L TTaCTLV avOpOJTTOCS V7TUp)/€L, TCuV JieV XotBopCCOV K4U 
TO)V KCLTTjyopLCDV afCOV6LV T^eCD?, Tol$ eiTaiVOVCTL S am OV<> 

« a-fcOeaOcu' rovrwv to'lvvv b fieif ecrrc rrpos rfiovr.v, rovi(p 
Seborai, b Be rracnv m? erro? ecrrelv evo^Xec, \olttov ejioL 
Kav jiev €v\aj3ovp.evG5 rovro jirj \eyco tcl rrerrpaypeva 
ejiavrw, ovk e^ecv airokvaacrOai ra Karrjyoprjfieva botjco 
ovb ep Oi? a£jw Tifiaa'uai oeiKvvvcu ■ ea^ b ecp a kcli 
7r€7roi7]fca kcli rrerroXcrevp-at fioBitjtDj iroXkatcis \eyeiv 
avayxacrBrcropLaL rrepc ejiavrov. Hetpaaofiat jiev ovv 23 
&)? fjerptcDrara rovro rrotelv • o re S b to rrpayjia 
avro avay/eayq, rovrov ttjV airiav ovros ecrrc tucaios 
eyeiv o roiovrov aycova evcrrrjcrapLevo^. 

Ol/xai 6 vjias, co avbpes AQrjvaloi, rravra^ av 6/xo- 
XoyncraL kolvov elvai tovtopi rov aycova ep.ol Kal Krrj- 
CTKpoovri, Kau ovBev eXarrovo? atjiov enrovbrfi e/JOL • irav- 
rcov fiev yap arroarepelcrOai Xvrrrjpov ecrrc kcli yjiXerrov, 
aXXa)? re Kav vir e^Opov rep rovro crvjiSaivrj, jiaXicrra 
be rr]$ rrap vjicov evvoia? /cat, cf) cXav 6 p correal, bcrcp nep 

5 kclL to rv^elv rovrcov fieyicrrov ecrriv. Ilepl rovrcov 8 
ovros rovrovi rov aycovos, a^iat kcu beouciL rravrcov 

t i r « 3 o / v / 

OfLOU&S vfJLeov, axovcrai fiov rrepi rcov Karrjyoprjjj.ev(DV 

air oXoyovfievov btKatco^, ojcrrrep ol vojjlol Ke\evovcnv, oy? 

TU0&G e£ apxrjs XoXgiv, evvovs cov v jj.lv KaL hrjpLoriKOS, 



EEPI TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 3 

ou puovov rco ypa-yjrat KVpcov? cpero Selv elvac, aXXa kcll 
to) tol>? htfcd^ovTas vfia? o/xoy/xoKevat • ov/c aTrtarcov 7 
i//ui/, co? y e/xot (paiveraL, aXX opcov on ra<; curias kcll 
ra? BiafioXas, at? e/c row Trporepos Xeyetv 6 Slcokcov 
io"%v€l, ov/c eve rco (pevyovrc irapeXOelv, et p,r) rcov Si/ca- 
fyvrcov ercacrTos vfiwv Tr\v irpos row; 6eovs evaefieiav 
(fivXaTTayv tcai ra rov Xeyovros uarepov Si/caia evvo'iKw^ 
Trpoade^eraL, kcu Trapaa^cov eavrov taov icai koivov 
tifufioTepois a/cpoaT7]v, ovro) ri]V Siayvcoaiv iroiTqaerai, 
irepu diravTwv. 

MeXXcov 8e rov re lSiov /3cov iravros, co? eoitce, Xoyov 3 
SiEovat rrifiepov icai rcov Kocvrj TreirokLTevjievoov, ftovXo- 
/Mai iraXtv tou? Oeovs irapafcaXeaai, real evavrlov vfioov 
ev^ofiat irpwrov fiev, oo~r\v evvotav e-^cov eyco ScareXco rrj 

823 T6 TToXet KCLL TTCMJIV V[liv, TOCrCLVTrjV VTTap^dl fJLOL ITdf) 

v/jLgov et? tovtovl rov aywva • eireiO , b rt /xeAAet av- 
volo-etv tcai irpos evho^iav KOivrj kcil irpos evaefieiav 
€KaaT(p, tovto irapao-rrjaai rovs 6eov<$ ttclglv v[±lv nrepl 
Tavrrjtri tt}? ypacfyrjs yvcovac. 

El /jL€V OVV 7T€pl d)V €$LQ)K€ jJLOVOV KaT7)ydpr}(T€V Alo"%[- 9 

1/77?, rcayco irepi avrov rov Trpo^ovXevfiaros ev0vs av 
a7reXoyov/j.7]v • eiretS?] 8 ovk eXarrco Xoyov raXXa 
Bte^uov avriXco/ce icai ra irXelcrra Kare-^revaaro /iov, 
avayKtuov elvac vopt^co tcac St/caiov a/jua /3pa^ea, co 
avSpes 'AOrjvaioi, irepi ~-q'>tcov etirelv irpcorov, Iva /xijSels 
vfiwv Tot? e^coOev Xoyois r/yfievos aXXorptcorepov rcov 
virep tt}? ypacfcrjs Bifcaiw a-<ovr) /iov. 



AHMO20ENOY2 



'0 Ilepc puev 8r) rwv lSlcop baa Xoc8opovfiepo<; {3e/3Xao(j)ri- 
U7)fC€ rrepl efjuov, OedaaaOe a><? drrXa Kai Bi/ccua Xeyco, 
Ei fieu lare fie roiovrov olov ovtos yridro (ov yap 
aXXodi rrov (3e(Bi(Dtca rj Trap v/mv}, fi7]8e <fia)vr)v ava- 
aj(r]a6e, fir)8 ei rravra rd Koivd vrrepev rrerroXnev/iai, 
aXX avaaravre? Kara^rr/^taaaOe tj8t] • ei 8e rroXXco 
jSeXrico tovtov Kai e/c fieXnovcov, Kai firj8evo<; rwv fie- 
rpicov {^iva fjLrjhev erra^Oe^ Xeyoo) yeipova teal ifie fcal 
tovs e/iovs vrreiXr](f)are teal yiyvwaKere, rovrw fiev fi7)8* 
vrrep rwv aXXcov mo-revere ■ BrjXov yap a>9 o/xo/o)? 
arravr eirXarrero • efioi 8 , tjv rrapa rravra rov ypovov 
evvoiav ev8e8ei^6e erri rroXXwv dydvcov ra)v rrporepov, 

11 Kai vvvi rrapaayeaOe. KaKorjdjjs 8 cov, Aiayivrj, rovro 
iravreX&s evrjOes carfirj^, rov$ rrepl rQ>v rrerrpay/nevtov 
tcai rrerroXirevfievcov Xoyovs a(pevra /me rrpos ra? X0180- 
pia<$ ras rrapa crov rpeyjreaOai. Ov 8rj rroirjaco rovro ■ 
ov% ovrco rerv<pcofiai • aXX vrrep fiev rcov rrerroXirev- 22s 
fievcov a KaretyevBov Kal 8ief3aXXe$ e^eraaco, rrjs 8e 
rrofirreia? ravrrjs rrjs aveBrjv yeyev7]fiev7]<; varepov, av 
fiovXofievois aKOveiv fj rovroiai, /ivyadrjaofiai. 

12 Ta fiev ovv fcarrjyoprjfieva rroXXa Kai 8eiva, Kai rrepi 
oyv evicov fieyaXa? icai ra<$ eayaras 01 vo/101 8i8oacri 
rificopias • rov be rrapovro^ ayoovo? t] rrpoaipeois avrrj 
e%0pov fiev em\peiav eyei Kal v/3piv Kai Xoi8opiav /cat, 
7rporr7]Xa/<:to-/jLOV ofiov Kai rravra ra roiavra, rwv fievroi 
Karrjyopioov Kai roov airicov rcov eiprj/xevcov, eirrep rjcrav 
aXriOels, ovk evi rrj rroXec 8ikt)V a^iav Xafielv ov8 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 5 

eyyu^. Ov yap acpatpelaOai, 8e2 to irpoaeXOelv tco |3 
orjfiw /cat, Xoyov Tv^etv, ouo ev eirrjpeta^ ra^et teat 
(f)6ovov tovto Troielv, — our e, /no, tovs Oeovs, opdois eyov 
ovt€ ttoXltlkov ovt6 Sifccuov ecrTLV, co av8pe<; AOrjvaloi! 
AXX e(f) oi9 aBiKOvvra fie ecopa rrjv iroXtv, overt ye 
t7]\ikoutols i]\t/ca vvv eTpaycpBei real Biefyjei, rat? etc 
toov voficov Tifjicopiais irap avTa raBiKrjfiara ^prjaOai, 
€i fiev eLcrayyeXcas a£ia irparTOvra fie ewpa, euaayyeX- 

XoVTa' fCCll T0VT0V TOV TpOTTOV €t? KpiGlV KaQlGTOVTa 

Trap vfiiv, eu 8e ypacf)OVTa irapavofia, irapavoficov ypa- 
4>6fievov ' ov yap 8j]ttov K.T7]cn,(pwvTa fiev BvvaTat cH&j- 
Keiv Bi efie, efie 8e, euirep e^eXey^eiv evofii^ev, clvtov 
ovk av eypa-ijraTO. Kai fir\v ei tl tcov aXXcov &>v vvvl 14 
8ie/3aXXe /ecu Bte^yec, 7] Kai aXX otiovv aBiKovvTa fie 
vfias eoopa, eicri vofioi Trepl ttuvtcov teat Tificopiai /ecu 
aycoves Kai Kpicreis TTiKpa Kai fieyaXa eyovcrai Tairt- 
TLfiia, kcu TOfTOi? e^rjv airaai xprjcrOai • Kai OTr^vUa 
e(paiV€TO TavTa it eiroLrjKco^ Kai tovtov tov Tpoirov /ce- 
%p7]{ievo<; T0Z9 7rpo? efie, (OfioXoyetTo av t] KaTijyopia 
Tois epyois avTOV. 

Nvv 8 e/C(TTa5 tt5? op6r)<; Kai BiKaia? 68ov Kai (jyvycov 15 
tou? Trap avTa ra nrpayfiaTa eXeyy^ovs, togovtols v<ttg- 
pov yjpovois aiTtas Kai aKcofi/iaTa Kai XoiBopias avfiipo- 
pricras viroKpiveTai. Eha KaTTjyopel fiev epuov, Kpivei 
oe tovtovl, Kai tov fiev aywvos oXov ti\v irpos efie 
eyQpav TrpdicTTaTai, ovBa\xov 8 eiri TavTrjv aTrrjVTrjKco^ 
efiot Ti]v eTepov ^tjtwv eTTiTifiiav a(j>eXeadai (paiveTai. 



o nHM026EN0Y2 

16 KdLTOt, TTpOS aTTCKTlV, d) avSpe? A07)ValoL, TOLS aWOL? 

ot? av eiirelv ri<s virep KrrjaLcpcovTO^ £yoi hiKcuois, /ecu 
tovt efjuoiye hoicei teal fidlC eifcoTcos dv \eyeiv, otl rrjs 
rjfjLerepas eyOpas rjfias ecp tj/jLcov avrcov hUaiov r\v iov 
e^eraa/xov iroielaSai, ov to fiev 7rpo? aWrjkov? aycovl- 
^eaOai irapaXe'nreiv, erepco $ orw kclkov tl Bdao/xev 
tyjTelv ' virepfioXr) yap aSi/cla? tovto ye. 

Uavra fiev tolvvv ra Karyyoprj/jieva o/ulolcos etc rov- 
T(ov av Tt? ihot, ovre SifcaLcos ovr eir a\r)6eias ov&efitds 
eipy/xeva • /3ov\o/iai Se Kal Ka6 ev e/cacrrov avrcov 
e^eracac, Kal fiaXcaO baa virep rrjs eiprjvT]? Kal rf}? 
irpeo-fteias Kare^revo-aTO [iov, ra ireirpayixeva eavro) 
/xera ^ikoKparov^ avarcOei^ e/not. Ecttl 8 avay/cacov, 
co avSpes AOrjvaloi, Kal TrpoarJKOv icrcos, &)? tear etcel- 
vovs tovs xpovow; el%e rd irpayi^ara ava^vrjaav v/ias, 
iva 7rpo$ rov virapyovra Kaipov efcaara uecoprjre. 
8 Tov ydp <&q)kikov avo-Tavros rrdXepLov, ov hi efie, ov 
ydp 8r) eycoye eiro\iTevd[i7]v irco Tore, irpcorov fiev vfiels 
ovrco hietceLcrOe, ware <J?(Ofceas fiev (3ov\eo~6ai crcoOrjvaL, 231 
Kaiirep ov hUaia 7roLovvra<; opwvres, Srifiaiois 8 otlovv 
av efyrjaOrjvai iraOovaiv, ovtc a\oya><; ovS aSiKco<; avrol? 
opyi^o/ievoc • of? yap evrv^rjKeo-av ev Aevicrpois, ov 
fierptco<; €fce'%p7]VT0 ■ eireiQ rj IIe\o7rovvrjcro<$ arracra Siet,- 
o-Trjfcei, Kal ovO' ol fiicrovvTe^ AaKehatfxovLOV^ ovtcos 
lo-^vov coare dveXelv avrovs, ovO ol irporepov Bl eKei- 
vcov apyovres Kvpioi rcov iroXewv rjcrav, aWa Tt? rjv 
aKpiTOS Kal irapd tovtoi? Kal irapa rois aWoc? diraavv 



If E PI TOY 2 T E * A N O Y. 

"pis koli rapa-^7]. Tavra o' opcov 6 <PiXiiT7ros (ou yap » 
>)v acfiavr}), toIs Trap eKuaTOis TrpoBoTacs yjp)\\xara uva- 

XiCTKWV, iraVTCLS aVV€KpOV€ KCLl TTpOS CLVTOVS €T(lpClTT€l/ ' 

elr ev ols i/fidpravov ol dXXoc kcli tca/ccos ecfcpovovv, 
avTos irapecrfceva^ero tcai Kara ttuvtgov €<pvero. fls Be 

Ta\a(.7TG)p0VJJL6V0L TCp fJbl]K€L TOV TToXepLOV 01 T0T6 fl€V 

3 ape is, vvv V drupels Qrjftaloi cf>avepoL iraaiv rjaav 
ivayKaaO-qaopievoL KaTacpevyetv e<p vpuds, 6 <PiXt,7T7ros, 
iva p,r) tovto yevotTO /jbrjBe avveXOocev au iroXei,*;, vptv 
ixev eipi}vr\v, e/cecvois Be fioifietav eirr^yyeiXaro. Ti ovv 20 
avvriycovioaro avTco irpos to \a/3e2v oXiyov Sew vfias 
e/covTas e^airaTcofievous ; H tcov aXXcov EXXijvcov — 
etre ^pj] /ca/ccav etr ayvoiav eure kcll a/juporepa tclvt 
stirelv, — ol, iroXepLov cTwe^f} kcli fia/cpov ttoXe/jlovvtcov 
u/jlcov, kcli tovtgv vTrep tcov Traai avpupepovTcov, cos epyco 
cpavepov yeyovev, ovre y^pi}pacriv ovre cro)piaatv ovr 
aXXco ovBevu tcov diravTcov crvveXapLj3avov v/xtv " ols /cat 
Bitcaicos icai TrpocrrfKOVTCds opyi^ojuevoL erotpicos virrpcov- 
aare tco QCXanrcp. H puev ovv rore crvy^cop7]6elaa 
etpt^rj Bui ravr , ov Bt ejne, cos ovtos Bce(3aXXev, eirpa- 
xz> y$r\ ' tli Be rovTcov aBcKyjfiara teat, BcopoBoKr]p,ara ev 
avrp tcov vvvl irapovTcov irpayy^aTcov, av tls e^eraQy 
Bacaicos, aiTia eupr^cret. ^y 

Kat ravTL iravO virep rrjs (iXrjdeias axpc/SoXoyovfjiat 21 
Kai Bie^epyoiiai. El yap elvai ti Bokoit) tu fiaXicrTa 
ev tovtols aBacripLa, ovBe'v eo~Ti B/jttov Trpos epue, aXX' 6 
fiev TrpcoTos eiirtov Kat fivrjaOels Trepl r^9 eipr\vr}s Api- 



8 AHM02GENOYS 

<jTohr)fio$ rjv o VTTOKpLTrfi, 6 o° etche^djievo^ /cat ypd-^jra^ 
kcli eavrov /iera tovtov fiicrOcocras eirl ravra $i\oxpd- 
T??? o Ayvovatos, 6 aos, AIct^lvt], koivcovos, ov% 6 e/ios, 
ovB av <jv Siappayrj? -^revSofievos, ol Be avveLirovre?, 
brov 87]7tot€ kve/ca (ea> <ydp rovro y ev rco irapovTi), 
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a\7]6eia<; ovrco BeLKWfievcov, et? rovO r\icev avatheias, 
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23 eoYSafa? kol Bie%rjk9e<; ; Kal \xr\v ei ro fccoXvaac rrjv 
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ro piTf] cTiyrjcrai Xolttov r\v, aXXa (3oav nai Sia/iaprvpe- 
cOai Ka\ hrjXovv rovroLai. Ov rotvvv erronqcra^ ovSa/iov 
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ro)? • ovre ydp r\v 7rpecrf3ela 77730? ovheva? airearaXfievr) 
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24 Xcopls Se rovrcov teal SiaftaXXeL rrjv iroXiv ra fxeytara 
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et? iroXepLOV 7rapeKaXe2re } avroo Be 7rpo? ^lXlttttov irepL 
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nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 9 

troXecos epyov ovSe yjp^crrwv avOpcoircov bierrparreaOe* 
AX\! ovk eari ravra, ov/c eartv ' rt yap kcli ftovXo- 
jl€vol fi6T€7rejjL7rea0 av avrovs ev rovrco rco icaipcp ; 
Eirl tt)v etprjvrjv ; AXX vnri}pyev ciiracriv. AXX ein 
rov rroXe/iov ; AXX avroc Trepo eipi)vr)<; efiovXeveaOe. 
Oukovv ovre rrjs e£ apxfjs ^Lprjvrj^ ^yefxcov ovb clltlo? 
oov eyco cpaivo/xai, ovre rcov aXXcov, cov Kcre^evcraro 
liov, ovBev aXrjOes ov SeiKwrac. ^ 

^Eirechrj roivvv eirot^aaro rr\v eipr]vrjv rj 7roXt<;, ev- 2d 
ravOa iraXtv (TfceyjraaOe re r^cov efcarepos irpoetXero 
irpdrrew • teal yap e/c tovtcov euaeaOe, ta? rjv 6 ^cXlttttoj 
rravra avvaycovi^ofievo^ kcli res 6 irparrcov virep v/jlcov 
kcli ro tt] TroXeu crvficpepov fyrcov. Eyco fl€V TOLVVV 
eypa^fra fiovXevcov airoirXelv n]V ra^tarrjv tou9 Trpeo-jSei,? 

€7rl TOVS T07TOU9 6V Ot? CLV OVTa tPiXlTTTTOV ITVvOaVCOVraL, 

xal tovs bprcov<; a7roXa/ji/3aveiv • ovroi Be ovBe ypa-tyav- 
to$ e/JLov ravra rroielv rjOeXrjcrav. Tl he rovr rjBvvaro, 
co avBpes Adrjvatoi ; Eyco BlBu^co. ^lXIttttco /juev r)v 26 
av^epov C09 irXelcrrov rov fiera^v %povov yeveaOat rcov 
bp/ccov, vfilv B <w? eXa^iarov. Ata ri ; On vfiel^ 
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10 AHM029EN0Y2 

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a vvv ovtos hiecrvpe, to Xeppiov kcu to MvpTtov tcai 
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Opa/crjs /caTao-TaL7), /nrjBe iroWcov fiev yprifiarwv, 7ro\- 
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yiyvmancei • ei he /3ov\evwv eyco irpoaayeiv tovs upe- 
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tov apyyreiCTOva clvtoIs fceXevaat ; AXX ev toIv hvocv 
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oviicpe'povTa ttjs 7roXea)<; ehec fie (fovXaTTeiv, Ta h bXa, 
coairep ovtol, ireirpatcevai ; Ov hi)7rov. 

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ovtos elhcos irapefirf. Aeye. 

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IIEPI TOY 2TE<I>ANOY. 11 

vrevre, tovs de xeLporovrjdevTas a.Trohrjpel.v p,rjhep.iav V7Tep(3o\r]V tvoiov- 
fievovs, o7rov av ovra 7rvv6dvcx>vTai tov <t>i\nT7rov, Kal tovs opKOvs 
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avvdrjKais civTio npos tov 'Adrjvaicdv drjpov, crvp.7repi\ap.fidvovTas Kal 
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o-tios, Alaxivrjs KoOcoKiSrjs, Krjcpiaocpcov 'Pauvovaios, Ar]p.oKpdTi]S 
&\vevs, KAe'coj/ Kodoxitirjs. 

TavTd ypatyavTOS e/xov rore, icai to rrj rroXei avfi' 
bepov, ov to tov ^iXtirirov ^tiiuvvtos, ftpayy (f>povTi- 
avTes ol xprjcTTol nrpea[3ei<; ovtol kclQtjvto ev Maice- 
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7TO?, 7TpoXa{3cOV TTJV ©pOLKTjV Bta TOVTOV? TOV<$ OV^l 

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12 AHM029EN0Y2 

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ajBewv, aXX iSia kclO avrov, roiavra irpo^ vp.as earelv 

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a/xa rovrov K€^pr]fievov, avayKrj Kapioc irpos €Kaara rcov 

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aTTcoXero ; */2? ov 8el 6opv(3ela6ai rut irapeXrfkvOevac 
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fievov, oh 8e (£/\o?, rovvavrtov e^dpov. Ov yap ra 
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ovofid^cov, aXXa ro ravra o-vfufiepetv • avpccpepecv 8e 
^iXtirirw Kau &coKevcn Kac vjjllv oliolcos airaai, rfj? 



TIEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 1 f$ 

avaXyrjcias kcu tt}? (3apuTr]TO<5 airaXXayrjvat rry? rcov 
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ri)v ro0 virovaav aireyQeiav irpos tous Qrjficuovs. 

Tt ovv avvefirj fieia ravr evOvs, ov/c et? /xaKpuv ; 
Tovs fiev TaXanrwpovs Qcofceas airoXeaQai nai kcl- 
~ao Kafyrjvai ra? iroXets avTcov, v/xas 8 i\cTvyji,av aya- 
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feat OerraXovs ry iroXei yeveaOai, tt\v Se yapiv rrjv 
virep tcdv ireTTpayfievwv ^iXiirircp. ' Otl 8 ovrco ravr 3: 
e^ei, Xeye /jloi to re tov KaXXcaOevovs yfrr^Mrfia kcu 
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nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 15 

ol ' EXXrjves diravTcov afro? cov alrio<;. ArjXov yap on 
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AXXa yap epnriiTTcoKa et? Xoyovs ovs avrttca jxaXXov 42 
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irpay/jiaTcov yeyovev alrta. 

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ttov Sea tovtcov tcov ev Tat? TrpeafieiaLS yuaQcoaavTcov 
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16 AHMO20ENOY2 

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fiouXcOVTai. 

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18 AHMO20ENOY2 

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nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 2. 

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22 AHMO20ENOY2 

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nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY 23 

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24 AHMO20ENOY2 

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Idla tl dyvcopovovcriv rj 6 aTrocrTeikas rj 6 direo'TaXpevos, Kai tovto 
ypd\j/ai Xeyetv, Iva alo~6avopevos 6 drjpos (3ov\evo~r)Tai tl del Troielv. 

7B Tovto puev toivvv to \jri](f)Lo-fia EhjSovXos eypaijrev, 

ovk eyco, to 8 ecfietjrjs AptaTocf)Cov, el6 Hyrjo-LTTTros, 

• fcTr ' ApiGTofytov iraXiv, etra QiXoKpaTrjs, efra Krjcpicro- 

(j>chv, e%Ta irdvTes ol aXXot, • eyco 8 ovSev irepi, tovtcov, 

Aeye. 



nEPI TOY 2TE$ANOY. 25 



* H * I 2 M A. 



'E7TI NfO/cXeou? upxovros, Bor]8popuovos cvt] kcu vcq, ftovXrjs 
yvdopj], rrpvravcis Kal arparijyol cxpr/pariaav Ta e '* T V S ckkXtjo-uis 
dvcvcyKovrcs, ort e8o£e r<y Sr}/x&) TrpcafScLS cXco-dai rrpos ^lXlttttov 
rrcpl rrjs rcov n\oicov dvaKopidrjs Kal cvroXas 8ovvai Kal ra ck ttjs 
€KK\r]crias y^rjO^io-para. Kai eTkovro rouaSe, KrjCpiancpcoura KXccovos 
*Ava(f)\vcrTiov, ArjpoKpirov Ar]po(ficovTos ' ' Avayvpaaiov, HoXvKpirov 
ATrrjpavrov Ko6cokl8)]v. Hpvravcia. <pv\rjs 'lrnroOocovrlSos, 'Apiaro- 

<fi(OV KoXvTTCVS Tfp6c8pOS CLTTCV. 

f flairep tolvvv eyco ravra SetKvvco ra ^^(jaafiara, 76 
ovro) Kac av hel^ov, Aia^cvrj, iroiov eyco ypatyas -^rrj- 
(f)to-fia clitlos eijjbb rov TroXe/iov. AX)C ovtc av e^ot? • 
€L yap el%e?, ovSev av avrov irporepov vvvi irapiayov. 
Kal [Mi]v ovB 6 <f>i\,LinTO<; ovSev auriarai e/x€ virep rov 
TroXifiov, erepois ey/caXcov. Aeye & avrr\v ri]v eiriGTO- 
XljV TT]V rov ^lKlttitov. 

EHISTOAH $IAinnOY. 

Baaikevs MaKcdovoiv $?[\i7nros 'Adrjvaicov rfj ftov\r/ kol rco hrpxu) 77 
21v X a h )(LV ' Hapu.ycvop.cvoi rrpb? cpc 01 Trap vpcov Trpca'flcvTaL, Kricpi- 

OTO(f)COV Kal ArjpOKpLTOS KO.I TLoXvKpLTOS, 8tc\cyOVTO TiCp\ TT]S TCOV 

ttXolcov cicpecrccos cov ciKivcipxa Aaopc8cov. Ka#' o\ov pcv ovv cpoiyc 
(haivcadc cv pcyakrj cvr/dclq cacadai, cl a'Uad* cpc \av6avciv, on 
c^aTTcaruXr] ravra ra TrXola Trpoqjacriv pcv cos rov alrov Tvaparrcp' 
yfrovra ck rov '"EWrjCTTrovrov els Arjpvov, (Sorjdrjcrovra 8c 'Er/Xvpfipia- 
vo7s rots vtt cpov pcv rroXiopKovpcvois, ov avpTrcpicihrjppcvoLs 8c ei 
rcls rrjs (piXias koivt} Kcipevcus rjplv avvOrjKais. Kai ravra avvcra^Oy] TS 
ra> vavapxeo avev pcv rov 8r/pov rov 'Adrjvaicov, vno 8c rivcov dpxov- 
rcov Kal crepejv I8ia>ra>v pcv vvv ovraiv, ck navros 8c rporrov fiov\ope- 
vcov rov 8rjuov dvrl ttjs- vvv vnapxovarjs rrpos cpc (f)i\las rov rroAepov 
avaXafteiP, rroXXa puWov (pi\ortpovpcva>v rovro avvrcTc\co-6ai rj 
rols "Er/XvplBpiavols [3orj6r]o-ai. Kai v7To\apj3avovaLV avrols to toiov- 
to Trp6aro8ov co~co~dat. • ov pcvroi pot 8okc7 rovro xP*l (Jl l xov v^apxcLV 
ovd' vplv our' cpol. Aioncp ra re vvv KaraxOcvra 7rXota npos rjpas 
a<pLr)pi vplv, Kal rov \oittov, cav j3ov\r)a6e pr) cmrpcTTCLV rols 7rpo€~ 
cmKoaLv vpcov kukoijOcos tto\itcvco-6ul, aXX' cmrLpdrc, ncipdacpai 
Kaya> diacpvXarrciv rqv elpr)vr)v. EuTi^etre. 



26 AHM029EN0Y2 

f9 'Evravd' ovBa/iov Arjfiocrdevrjv yey pacpev, ovB air Lav 
ovBepaav tar efiou. T'i ttot ovv rot? aXXocs eyKaXcov 
tcov efioi, ireirpaypievcov ovyj, jLLefivrjTai ; Ore tcov aBi- 
KTjiiarcov av e/ne'fAvrjTO tcov avrov, el ti irepi e/nov ye'- 
ypacpe • tovtcov yap ei^ofirjv eyco koli tovtols rjvavnov- 
fiijv. Kac Trpwrov puev tk\v et? TJeXonrovvrjcrov irpeo-fteiav avj 
eypayjra, ore irpcoTOV e/ceivos et? TleXoTrovvrjcrov irape- 
Svero, elra ttjv et? Ev/3olclv, rjvifc Ev{3ola<; rjirrero, elra 
rr]v eir flpeov e^oBov, ovfcert irpeo-fiecav, Kal ttjv et? 
Eperpcav, eTreiBr) rvpavvov? e/ceivo? ev tclvtcus rat? 

fin iroXecn Kare(TT7](T€v. Mera raura Be tovs aTroaroXov^ 
airavTas aireareCka, rcaO ou? Xeppovrjcro? ecrcoOrj kcu 
Bv^avTtov koi ivavTes ol avfifia^oi. *E% tov vpuv puev 
ra KaXkiGTa, eiraivoi, Bo<~ai, Tipbcu, are<pavoi, X a P t ~ 
re? irapa tcov ev ireirovOoTcov vnrrjp^ov • tcov B a8i~ 
Kovpbevcov toIs jxev vplv rore ireitrdeicnv rj crcoT7}pta 
Trepieyevero, to2? B oXiycopy\o-acri to iroXXaKis cbv vfiel^ 
irpoetiraTe yLepuvr\(iQai, /cat vofit^eiv vp,a<; purj fiovov evvovs 
eavTols, aXXci real chpovc/iov^ avOpwirov? nai fiavTeis 
eivai • iravia yap e/cfleflTj/cev a irpoenraTe. 

81 Kal fi7]v otl 7roWa fiev av ^p^puaTa eScofce <J?iXicttl- 
877? coctt eyew flpeov, iroXXa Be KXeLTapyos coctt e-^eiv 
EpeTptav, iroXXa B avros 6 QiXiiriros cocne TavO 
virapyew ecf) vpa<? avTco Kac irepi tcov aXXcov firjBev 
e^Xty^ecrdai, /xtjB a iroicov rjBlfcei purjBeva e£eTa£etv 

& iraviayov, ovoeis ayvoec, Kao itovtcov rjKicrTa av • 01 yap 
irapa tov KketTap^ov Kal tov QlXl&tlBov totb 7rpeo-j3H$ 



nEPI TOY 2TE$AN0Y. 27 

&€Vp Cl(f)lfCVOV/jL€VOL TTCLpCL (TOb KCLTeXvOV, AlO"%LV7], KCLL (TV 

Trpov Revets clvtgov • ovs r) fiev ttoXls &>? e%6pov<; kcll ovre 
Slkcllcl ovre av/jL(j)epovTa XeyovTas airrjXao'e, ctol 8 rjaav 
(£>lXol. Ov To'tvvv eirpayOr) tovtojv ovhev, co fiXao-cfir)- 
uojv irepl e/xov kcll Xeycov w? ctlcoitoo fiev Xaj3o)v, /3ooo 8 
*&* cLvakuHTas ! i ' AXX! ov civ ye, aXXa /3oa<; fiev e^wv, 
TrauaeL be ovoeiroT , eav fir] ere ovtol iravcrooaLV citl/md- 
aavres Ti]/A€pov. 

£re(f>ava)o-dvT(DV tolvvv vjxoov e/xe zttl tovtols tote, kcll 83 
ypa'tyavTOS ApLarovLKOV Ttf? avras crvXXaftas acrirep 
ovroal K.T7]o-L<f)Gov vvv yeypcufie, kcll avapp7)0evTO<; ev ray 
Oedrpw tov arecpavov, kcll Bevrepov KrjpvyfJLCLTOS rjSr) \xoi 
tovtov yLyvo/ievov, ovr uvreLirev Alo"%lvt)s irapcav ovre 

TOV 6L7T0VTCL ejpCL^aTO. Kdl fJLOL Xej€ KCLL TOVTO TO 

y]rr](f)Lo-jjLCL Xa/3o)V. 

tH$12MA. 

'E7ri Xaipcovftov 'Hyepovos ap^ovTos, Tap.rjXicovos cktt] cittiovtos, 34 
(piiXrjs TrpvTcivevovcnjs Aeovridos, * ApicrTOviKos Qpedppios elnev • 
'ETreiSj) Arjpoadevrjs Arjpco-Oevov? TLaiavievs iroWas Kai p.eyd\as 
Xpeias Trapeax^Tiu tco hr]p.co tco ' Adrjvaicov, Kai noX\o7s tcov avppd- 
X<i>v Kai TTporepov Koi ev tco napovTi Kaipco (3e(3o7)8r)Ke 8id tcov ^77- 
(picrpaTcov Kai Tivas tcov ev Ty Eu/3o/a noXecov rjXevdepcoKe, Kai diare- 
Xfi evvovs tov tco 8i)pco tco ' ' Aorjvaicov, Kai Xeyei kcu npciTTet o ti av 
hvvrjTai ayaBbv vnep re avTcov ' ' Adrjva'icov Kai tcov ciXXcov 'EXXtjvcov, 
8e$'>x0cii tt) {3ovXfj Kai tco drjpco tco 'ABrjvaicov enatveaaL ArjpocrBevrjv 
Aijpoadevovs Haiavua Ka\ crTecfiavcocTai XP V<JC0 CTTecfidvcp, Kai avayo- 
pevaai tov crTecpavov ev tco QeaTpco Aiovvcriois, rpaycodols Kaivols ' tt/s 
8e dvaynpevaecos tov crTecpdvov €Tvip.e\r]tr)vai "irjv npvTavevovcrav i>v 
'.I5i Xrjv Kai tov dycovodtTrjv. EiVei/ 'ApLCTToviKos <&pedppios. 

Ecttlv ovv t/crrt? v/jLwv oi&e 7LVCL aLa^(yvr]v TTJ 7T0\€l S5 
avpb(3aaav Slci tovto to y^r^LajJba 77 ^Xevao-pubv r) yeXco- 



28 AHM026EN0Y2 

ra, a vvv ovtos ecpr] cujuftricrecrOai, €civ eyco cne^avl 
fiat ; Kal firjv orav fj via teal yvcopL/xa iraai ra 
wpajfiara, eav re icaXws ew, yapLros TvyyaveL, eav 6 
<y? erepcos, tifMopla?. <fralvopLaL tolvvv eyco %apLTO<; 
T€TV)(rjKCQS rore, kcll ov /ie/iyeo)? cvoe TLpbwpLas. 

86 OvKOVV fieXpt, fJLeV TOOV %pOVCQV €K€lVCOV €V Ot? TCIVT 

eirpa^Or], ttcivtcls avco/jLoXoyrj/jLcu tovs ypovovs ra apiara 
7rpaTT6Lv rr) iToXei, T(p vlkclv, or e(BovXeveo~6e, Xeycov 
kcll ypa(fxov, rep tcaTaiTpa'xQr\vaL ra ypcKpevra kcll are- 
<pavov<; e£ avTwv rrj ttoXel kcll e/jbol kolI ttclctlv vplv 
yeveaOat, too 0vctlcl<; to2$ 0eo2? kcll TrpoaoBovs ft>9 aya- 
Ocov tovtcov bvrcov tyxa? ireiroLrjaOaL. 

87 EttclB?) tolvvv 6K Trjs Ev/3olcl$ 6 ^lXlttitos e^rjXaOf], 
tols fxev ottXol? v(j> v/xcov, rrj Be iroXLreiq kcll tol$ yjrr)- 

<j>LO-/Xa(TL (kcLV hLCLppaywCTL TLVe? TOVTCDv), VTT €/jLOV, 

erepov Kara ttJ? 7ro\eco? eirLreL^LO-pbOV e^reL. Opcov 
h otl (tltm ttclvtcov avOpcoircov irXelaTcp xpeo/jLed eireL- 
craKTCp, (3ovXo[A€vo^ t^? aLToiTopLirLa^ KvpLos yeveadaL, 
wapeXOcov eirl GpaKrj? Bv&vtlovs o-vjuL/xdyov; bvras 
aura> to fiev irpwTOV yj^lov crv/jL7roXefie2v rov 7T/50? iyxa? 
woXe/jLov, a>? S' ovk rjGeXov ouS' eirl tovtols kfyacrav tt\v 
(rvf-LfLa^Lav TreiroLTjo-Qai, Xeyovre? aXrjOrj, yapaKw\xa 
fiaXofievos 7rpo<; rfj 7roXeL kcll fjurj-^avripLar eir Larger a<$ 

88 eiroXLopKeL. Tovtcov Be yLyvo/jLevwv, o tl fiev 7rpoo-rJK€ 
7TOL6LV vpLas ovk€t epcoTrjcrco ' orjXov yap ecrTLV airacTLV. ■ 
'AXXa Tt? r\v 6 {3orj6rjcra$ rol<; Bv£avTLOL<? KaL crcocras 
avrovs ; Tls 6 KwXvcras rov ' EXXr]a7rovTOV aXXorpLco- 



IIEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 29 

BrflHu K ar &eelvov<! tov? X povovs ; 'Tfi^ <S Zu8p € ? 
'AdqvaLOL. To S vftel? g T av Xe'yco, ryv ttoXlu Xeyco. 
TU 6° o t/; wokei Xeyav teal ypd$uv teal irpdrroyv kcl\ 
arXak iavrov eh ra Trpdjfiara a^ef&S* BiSov? ; 'Eyd. 

y A\\d fiijp fjkUa radra ^eXrjaev airavra?, ovket 69 
i* tov Xoyov Bel ixaOelv, dxx" epycp ireTrelpaaOe • 6 yc\p 
Tore eittrras TroXe/xo?, dvev tov tcaXyv 86%av eveytceiv, ev 
iraat rot? Kara tov (3lov dcpOovcoTepoi? teal evavoiepois 
Ctyyev vtias tt?? vvv elpfap, fjv ovtol Kara <n} ? TraTplBo? 
-rnpovviv o! XPVo-rol hri T «f5 fieXXovo-a* IXit'ktiv, Z>v 
Siafidproiev, teal ^ fieTda X otev &v vfieh o% to, /SeWra 
Tois 0eov? alTelTe, M Se fieraSokv vfuv &v avTol Trpoj- 
pvvratf Aeye 8' avToh kcli tov? tuv Bvfavrlav are- 
<f>dvovs teal tov? twv nepivOlcov, oh eo-Tecbdvovv U 
tovtoov ttjv ttoXlv. 

*H$I2MA BYZANTIflN. 

'fiji bpj4«w Boo-TToplxco Aapdyrjro, iv ra d\la i'X^v, { K m 
ra, /3coX«, Xa/W prjrpav • 'Err, ^ 6 ^or 6 'A^W, & re rol s 

«. avyyeueac Hep^a* Kal rro\\a S Kal ptydXa* X pda S rrapZLt 
evrerco rrapecrraKorc <aipv 4hX<V™ tS> Ma K e86vo S im<rrpaTe{,<ravTO S 
t*i rav X yav «i rav v6k W e V dmor<io-« BufnmW Kal IWr^W 
> «u r» * W pa, S<uo,ro, Kal fcifyoWom*, /So^a, irXoiW 6 WA„ 
«a< e<*ocn «u acrco Kal #X eai Kal 6rrXcra lS e^Xero ,W & r& V 
^y«Aa», ,a^a>, Kal ArawAnwi rav Trarpio* 7roA t r,/a, «d rc^r 
r A °r y f at 7/ TU f <**' ** 6 X 6m ** 8 «W ™ Bur«,r t 'co, Ka J n f/ ,^ 9 , 
A6r,mioi S dopeu encya^av, noX.reiav, ey K raa,u ya S Kal aUfo, n noe- 
bpcav orrw ayco^, Tro^o^o^ rrori r^ 8coXau Kal rav dapou nJ TOls 
perara cepa, Kal rols KaroiKW edeXovac rav *6X lV d\ecTovpyf,TO l5 
n^vaa-avravXecrovpycav. crrd^u S< Kal clival rpcU eWW 
«TO«* ev ra, Boampf, trr^avo^voy rbv 8d,uov tov 'AOmmim, vro 
ro, 8a r r ffl B„tamW «ai n^iW9/a,v • drroardXac 8i Kal d^plas h 
ra, eu ra EXXa6c iramyyvp™, "ladpea Kal Ne>a .ai 'OX^ia <al 



30 AHM02GEN0Y2 

IlvOia, /cat dvaKapv£m tcos are(pdvcos wy ecrreCpdvcoTai 6 8dp.os 6 
Adrjvaloiv vcj) fjpcov, oVrcos eVtcrrecoi/Tai ol "'EXXaves Ttavres ' ' AdrjvaluiV 
aperdv /cat rav Bv^avriatv Kai HepivOioiv ev-^api<jTLav. 

92 Aeye Kai rovs irapa t&v ev Xeppovr t a(p crre(f>avov<;. 



¥ H $ I 2 M A XEPPONHSITQN. 

Xeppovrj&iTcov ol KCLTOiKovvres "Srjo-Tov, 'EXeowra, Mddvrov, 'AAa>- 
TT^KOvvrjcrov o~T£(pavovo~iv h6i]val(£>v rrjv (SovXtjv /cat tov drjpov ^pvaco 
(rrecpdvcp a7r6 raXdvTcov i^rjKovra, /cat %dpiTOs (3cop.6v Idpvovrai Kai 
drjpov 'ASrjvaicov, on navrcov p.€y'icrTov dya6a>v 7rapalnos ytyovi 
XeppovrjatTais, e^ikdp.evos e'/c Tijs $tXt7T7rou /cat dnodovs ras 7rarpt8as, 
rovs vouovs, ttjv e\ev6eplav, tcl lepd. Kut ev ra> p-era ravra aicovi "257 
navn ovk eWefyei evxapio-rcov Kai ttolwv 6 rt av dvvrjrai dyaBdv 
Tavra €\lsr](pio~avTO ev koivco (BovXevTrjpia). 

93 Ovkovv OV flOVOP TO XeppOVTjCTOV Kai Bv^UVTlOV crco- 

aai, ovSe to KcoXvcrai tov ' EXKt^itovtov vito ^iKittitw 
<yeveo-6ai tot€, ovSe to TtfiacrOai ttjv 7ro\iv €k tovtcov, 
i] irpoaipecris i] epir) Kai rj iroXiTeia Sieirpa^aTo, aWa 
Kai iraaiv eSei^ev avOpoiirois ttjv T6 tt/s TroXecos KaXo- 
KayaOiav Kai ttjv <f>Cknnrov KaKiav. *0 piev jap avfi- 
p<ayo<$ cov toI$ Bv&vtiois, TroXiopKcov avTov<; ecopaTO 
viro iravTtav, ov ti ye'voiT av ala^iov r) pnaptoTepov ; 
9i 'T/xet? B\ ol Kai fiepL^d/uievoi 7roXXa Kai hiKaia av 
eKeivois eiKOTWS irepi cov rjyvcofiovrjKecrav a? vpas ev tol$ 
epirpoaOe xpovois, ov povov ov pivrjcriKaKovvTe^ ovSe 
irpolepievoi tovs aSiKovpievovs, aXXa Kai aco&VTes ecfiai- 
veaOe • e£ cov So^av, evvoiav, Tipirjv irapa iravTcov 
eKTaaOe. Kai p,r]V oti piev ttoXXovs eaTecpavcoKaT rfirj 
to)V iroXiTevopievwv arravTts laaai • Si ovTiva 8' aXkov 
r) 7roXt? ecTTecpavcoTai, avp(3ovkov Xeyco Kai piyropa, 
ir\r]v Si ep.4, ov$* av eh enrelv eyoi. 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 3\ 

Iva toIvvv Kai t,1? /3\aa(f)r}^as a? /earn tujv Ev- 96 
fioecov /ecu twv Bvfcvricov eiroi^aaro, el n Sva^eph 
avroLS eireirpaKTO 77730? v/ia? viropupLvr)crKwv, avKocpav- 
Tiwt ovaa? eiri^el^w, fir} fibvov toj yfreuSel? elvai [tovtq 
fiev yap virdp^eLV u/xas elSdra? tyovjiat,), dXXd Kal tw, 
€i tci fiuXiar rjtrav aXrjOeh, ovtws co? eyco Ke^prjfxat 
tois Trpdyfiao-L ervfifa'peiv XPWacrOat, ev rj 8vo ftovXo- 

{ICLL TCQV Ka6' VfMCL^ 7T€7rpay/xeVC0V KoXtOV TTj TToXeL Si€- 

'« %eXQelv, real tclvt ev /3pa X eo~i.v. Kal yap dvBpa Ihla 
/ecu iroXiv Koivrj 777)09 ra KaXXiaia rcov virap^ovTwy del 
dec ireipaaOai ra XotTrd irpdrTeiv. 

Tfieh toIvvv, w dvhpe? ' AO-qvaloi, Aa/eeSat.fiovcwv yrj<; w 
Km OaXaTTr)? ap^dvreov zeal rd kvkXw rrj? 'Attckt}? 
KarexpvTwv dp^oarah kcu efrpovpacs, Evftouxv, Tdva- 
ypav, rrjv Boccorlav airaaav, Me'yapa, Aiyivav, KXero- 
va$, Ta? aAAa? v^crovs, ov vavs, ov rec^rj ttjs iroXew? 
Tore K€fCT7ifie'vf!<;, ef??X0eTe eh 'AXiaprov kcu irdXiv ov 
7roXXal<? rj/iepcus vcrrepov eU KdpivOov, rwv rore ' AQi]- 
vaiwv iroXX av e^ovrcov /ivrjcrtKaKyjaai Kal KopLvOlocs; 
Kai QtifiaioL? rcov nrepl rov AeKeXetKov irdXe/xov irpa- 
xQevTtov ' aXX' ovk eiroiovv tovto, ov&' e'yyj?. Kalroi 9 
to~<: ravra a^drepa, Aictxlvt], ovO' virep evepyeruv 
cTrolovv ovr d/civSwa xjipwv. 'AXX' ov Bed ravra 
irpoelvro rov? Karatpevyovra? eft eavrov?, dXX* inrep 
evSogla? Kal n.firj^ ydeXov rots Secvols avrov? bchdvat, 
6p0(o<; Kal KaXw (3ovXevdfievoi. TIepa<; fiev ydp diracnv 
dvdpdiroi^ earl rov filov Odsaros, kciv ev oIkiq-kco t«? 



32 AHM026EN0Y2 

avTov fcaOeip^as rrjprj • Sec Be tovs ayaOov? avhpas 
ey^eipelv p^ev airaaiv del to2<$ /caXoh, tt\v ayadrjv irpo- 
BaXkopevovs eXirlha, fyepeiv 8 b tl av 6 6eo<; BlBco 
yevvatcos. 

93 Tavr eiroiovv oi vpLerepoi irpoyovoi, ravO vpicov oi 
irpea(3vTepoi, ol, AaiceBaipLOVLOVs ov cpiXovs bvras ovB 
evepyeras, aXXa iroXXa ti)v ttoXiv i]pLcov rjSi/crjfcoras /cat 
pueyaXa, e7reiBr) Gr][3aloi KpaTrpavTes ev AevKTpois ave- 
Xelv eire^elpovv, BteiccoXvo-aTe, ov fyofirjOevTes tt]v rore 2ss 
&t)(Bcllol<; pcopurjv Kal Bo^av virap^ovaav, ovB virep ola 
7re7Tocr]KOTO)V avOpwircov KivSweucrere BoaXoyicrapLevoi. 

99 Kal yap tol ttclctl toIs ' EXXtjctlv eSei^are e/c tovtcov 
oti, kclv briovv ri? et? u/za? e^aptaprr], tovtcov ttjv opyrjv 
et? TaXXa e^ere, av o virep crGOTrjpias v) ekevuepias 
klvBvvos Tt? avTovs KaTaXa/x^dvT], ovTe pLV7]crifcaia)o-eTe 
ov6 viroXoycelcrOe. Kal ovk eirl tovtcov piovov ovtcos 
eo-y7}KaTe, a\Xa itclXlv ac^eTepi^opievcov Grj/Saccov ttjv 
Evfioiav ov TrepietSeTe, ovB oov virc Gepbicrcovos /cat 
GeoBcopov irept flpcoirov rjBiKrjaOe avepLv^o-drjTe, aXX 
e/SorjOrjcraTe tcai tovtols, tcov eOeXovTCOv TOTe Tpajpap^cov 
nrpwTov yevopuevcov Trj iroXei,, gov eis 7]V eyco. AXX 

on ovirco irepl tovtcov. KaiToi tcaXov puev eiroivpaTe Kal 
to a coa at ttjv vtjgov, iroXXco B €tl tovtov KaXXtov to 
rcaTacTTavTes Kvpioi Kai tcov acop^uTcov tcai tcov iroXecov 
airoBovvau TavTa BiKaicos avToh tois e%7)p.apT7)tcoo-iv ei? 
vpcas, purjBev cov ^BiKr/aOe ev oh eiriGTev6r]Te viroXoyi- 
crdpuevoi. Mvpia to'lvvv eTepa elirelv eyjj&v irapaXetirco, 



nEPI TOY 2TE$ANOV. 33 

vavjJLa-^ia*;, e£o$ov<; Trends, arpareia^, kcli iraXai yeyo- 
vvias teat vvv ecf> vfxcov avTcov, as dnraaas rj ttoXls tt)$ 
tcov aXXcov evc-% 'EXXtjvcov eXevdepla? koi crcoTrjpLas 
ir67roL7]Tau 

Eh eyco TedecoprjKcos ev toctovtols icai tolovtois ttjv iq 
ttoXiv virep tcov rot? aXXovs crv/icpepovTcov eOeXovcrav 
aycovt^eaQai, virep avrrjs rpoirov Tiva ttjs ftoukrjs ovcrrjs 
~i e/xeXXov KeXevaeiv rj tl avfi^ovXevaecv avrrj iroieiv ; 
MvTjaifcatceLV vr\ Ala irpos tovs /3ovXojxevov<; crco^eaOai,, 
2C0 kol 7rpo(f)a<j€i$ fyrelv St a? airavra irpo7]Go\xeQa. Kat, 
tis ovk av arreKTeive fie hiKaicos, eo to tcov virap-^ovTcov 
rrj iroXeo koXcov Xoyco fiovov KaTaoa^yveov eire^eiprjo- 
av ; Eirel to ye epyov ovk av eiron}CTaB vfiels, aicpi- 
/3w? oIS' eyco • eo yap rjftovXecrde, tl r\v efiirohcov ; Ovk 
efjrjv ; Ov% virr]pyov ol TavT epovvTe<; ovtoo ; * 

BovXo/xao tolvvv eiraveXOelv ecf) a tovtcov etjrjs eiro- 102 
XiTevo/jL-qv ' Kai GKoireoTe ev tovtol<; ttoXcv av to to ttj 
iroXeo fteXTiGTOv r)v. 'Opcov yap, co av8pe$ 'AOrjvaloi, 
to vavTiKov vficov KaTaXvofievov, Kat tovs fiev ttXovctoov? 
aTeXels otto fioKpcov avdXcofiarcov y ty vofievovs, tovs Se 
fieTpca r\ fUKpa KeKTrjfievovs tcov ttoXotcov to, ovTa 
airoXXvvTas, eTt 8 vaTepi^ovcrav e/c tovtcov ttjv 7roXiv 
tcov Kaipcov, edrjKa vofiov KaO bv tovs fiev tcl hUaoa 
Troietv rjvayKacra, tou? ttXovctiovs, tov$ Be irevriTas 
eiravcr aooKovfievovs, ty) iroXeo o oirep tjv ^pyaoficoTa- 
tqv, ev Kaipco yiyvecrOac Ta<$ irapacrKevas eirocrjaay Kal l r 3 
ypacpels tqv aycova tovtov et? v/j,a<; ecarjXdov Kal dire'- 



34 AHM029EN0Y2 

(fivyov, kcll to jJbepos toov -^rr^cov 6 Bcojkcov ovk ekaftev. 
Kclltoi iroaa ^prjfiara rou? i]ye/jLovas rwv avfifiopicov rj 
tou9 Bevrepov? kcli toltovs oleaOe jjlol BtBovai, ware 
fiaXiara fiev /X77 Oelvai rov vo\iov rovrov, ei Be fir], 
SA /caraf3a\ovra eav ev virwyboala ; Toaavr , a> avBpe? 
AOrjvaLoi, baa oKvr^aatpi av irpos v/xa? eiirelv. Kai 

~ 3 3 / V 3 «" T TT \ 3*3 \ 

t'ivt et/corco? eirparTOV exetvoi. £Lv yap atrot? eK /iev 
nwv irporepwv voficov avveKKalBeKa Xetrovpyelv, avrol? 

y \\3^\3/ \ rO 3 / 

\xev pufcpa tcai ovoev avaKtaKovai, row? o airopovs rcov 
ttoXit&v eirvrpifiovaiv ' etc Be rov e/iov vo/ulov to yiyvo- w 
fjuevov Kara rrjv ovaiav e/caarov rtOevai, Kai Bvolv ecpavrj 
rpL^papyo? T17? /xta? e/cros icat, Be/caro? irporepov 
avvre\r]^ • ovoe yap Tpir\papyov<$ en, covofia^ov eavrovs, 
aXka avvre\el$. flare Br] ravra \vQr\vai Kai /nrj ra 
Bifcaia iroielv avaytcaa6r]vai, ovk eaO 6 ri ovk. eBiBoaav. 
105 Kai /lot Xe'ye irpooTOV fiev to -^rij^cafia Ka6 o etarfkOov 
tt]v ypa(pr t v, eura rows Karahoyovs, rov r e/c rov nrpo- 
repov vojjlov Kai rov Kara rov ep.ov. Aeye. 



¥ H $ I 2 M A. 

'Etti cip^ovros HokvKkeovs, prjvbs Bo-qSpoiiiaivos eKrrj eVt 8e*a, 
(pvXrjS 7rpvTavevov<jr]s 'lTrnodowvTidos, Ar]pooSevr]^ Arjpoo-6evovs Haia- 
vievs elcrfjveyKe vo\xov t pirjpap^iKbv avri^rov irporipov, icad* ov at 
avvTeXeica rjcrav rcov rpirjpdpxoov • Kai eTrtxeipoTovrfcrev rj (3ov\rj kcu 
6 diifios • Kai cnrrjveyKt Trapavopoav ArjpocrdeveL UarpoKXijs <&\vevs, 
ku\ to pepos tg>v \jrrj(pcov ov \a(3u>v drrerLae tcls nevraKoaias dpaxpds 



06 <frepe Br] Kai rov koXov KaraXoyov. 



KATAAOT0 2. 

Tovs rpirjpdpxovs KakelaOai eVi ttjv rpir)pr\ crvveKKaibeKa eK rav cp 



DEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 35 

rols Xo^oty avvTe\et(ov, cino e'lttocri Kcii nevTe erwv els TeTTapaKovra, 
fVri Icrov rfj xoprj-yiq xpoapevovs. 

<Pepe or) irapa tovtov tov etc tov efiov vofiov teara- 
\oyov. 

KATAAOT0 2. 

!62 Tovs Tpirjpapxovs ulpelaOai eVi rrjv rpirjpr) citto ttjs ovauis Kara 
ilprjcriVy citto TaXavrcou dtKci • eav be Trkeiovoov rj ovata ciTroreTLpr)- 
ptvrj j) xpripaTcov, Kara tov dvakoyiapbv ea>s rpicov ttXoioov kcu w*;- 
peTLKov r) Aetroupyia earco. Kara ttjv avTi)v be dvaXoylav eared Kai 
ols ekaTToov ovcrla earl rwv bi<a toXuvtoov, els o~WTe\eiav avvayo- 
pevois els to. detect rakavTa. 

'Apa ye fiLKpa fiorfQrftrai toIs irevqcnv vfxcov Sofcco, 10 7 

r) pitKpa avaXcocrai av tov fir] ra Sitcaia irotelv oc irXov- 

aiot ; Ov tolvvv fiovov tcq fir] fcaOvcpelvat ravra 

crefivvvofiac, ovSe tco ypacfiecs airofyvyecv, aXXa icai tco 

TUfupepovra Oeivai tov vo/jlov /cat tco irelpav epyco SeSco- 

Kevac. IJavra yap tov TroXefiov tcov airocTToXcov ytyvo- 

fieVCOV KCLTCL TOV VOflOV TOV €flOV, OV% L/C€Tr)pLaV €0r]K€ 

Tpi^pap^o^ ovSets ttcottoO cos ahiKovfievos Trap vfitv, 
ovk ev Movvv^ta, e/caOe^eTO, ov% vito tcov airoaToXecov 
eheOt], ov Tptrjpr]? ovt e^co fcaTaXr}(fi6e2cra aircoXeTO Trj 
TroXec, ol>T avTOv arreXetcpOr] ov Svvafievrj avayecrOai. 
KatTOt KaTa tovs nrpoTepovs vofiovs airavTa TavTa 10a 
eycyveTO. loo aiTtov, ev tols Trevrjcnv f)v to XeiTOvp- 
yelv ' iroXXa Sr) Ta a&vvaTa avve(3aivev. Eyco S' ere 
tcov airopcov eis tovs eviropovs fieTrpveyica Tas Tpirfpap- 
%£«? ' ttuvt ovv Ta EeovTa eyiyveTO. Ka\ firjv icai 
KaT avTO tovto cz£lo<; eifXL eiralvov Tvyelv, oti irdvTa 
ra TOiahTa Trporjpovfirjv iroXiTevfiaTa acf) tov ctfia Bo^at 



36 AHM029EN0Y2 

KCLL TljJLCLb KCU &VVCL{JL€LS G~We(3aiV0V TTj TToXei ' fSdaKCLVOV 263 
be teat irucpov teal Kctfcorjoes ovoev €CTTL TTOXlTeV/JLCL CfAOV, 

iod ov&e rairetvov, ovbe t?;? 7ro\ews avd^tov. Tavro tolvvv 
r]6o$ eywv ev re tols Kara rr/V tto\lv TroXcrevfiacrt icai 
ev to2$ 'EWtjvikoIs (pav^ao/iai • ovre yap ev rrj TroXei 
Ta? nrapa twv ifkovaiwv yjapiTas jxaXkov ?? ra twv 
ttoWwv Sifccua ei\ojir]V, ovr ev Tot? EWrjviKois tu 
<&i\nnrov Swpa kcli ti]v fjevtav rjyaTnjcra clvtl tcov kolvtj 
Tract rot? ' EWrjai av/i(f)epovTWV. 

.10 Hyov/juat tolvvv \onrov eivai fxoi irept tov (cr]pvyixa- 
tos elireiv /cal twv evOvvwv • to yap ws to- dpto-Ta re 
eirpaTTov icai Bia 7rai'T0<; evvovs etfxl teal irpo- 
Ovpbos ev TTOielv vfias acavoos etc twv eipr\puevwv 8e- 
&rfkwo-Qal fJioi vofii^co. KatTOL Ta fieytcrTd ye twv 
<zre7ro\iTev[jLe'va)v tcau Treirpayjievoov efiavTw irapaXeiirw, 
inroXa/i^avwv irpwTov fiev e^ef^? tovs irept aviov tov 
irapavojjiov \oyov<$ airohovvai fie Selv, etTa, kclv [irjdev 

<£V7TW TTepi TWV \0L7TWV TTO\lTeV\XaTWV, OjJLOLWS Trap VflWV 

ifcdaTW to crvveidos virapveiv jioi. 
>i Imv fiev ovv Aoywv ou? outo? avw icai KaTW oiaKVKwv 
e\eye irepc twv Trapayeypapuxevwv vojjlwv, ovt€ jud tovs 
6eov$ oljbuaL u/xa? fiavOaveiv, ovt avTO$ rjBwa/jiTjv avvec- 
vai tov<$ ttoWovs ' djrXws tie tt\v opOrjV irepl twv 
Bifcalwv 7)ia\e£ofjLai,. Togovtov yap 6ew \eyeiv ws ov/c 
eijxl inrevdvvos, b vvv ovtos hiefiaXke Ka\ Scwpl^eTo, 
waO arravTa tov (Slov virevdvvos elvai fr/ioXoyw wv rj 
^atee^etptfea o] 7re7ro\cTev/j,ai, Trap v/jllv. ' flv fievToi ye 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 37 

€K t?;? tS/a? overlap eirayyeiXafievo^; SeSootca rco OrjfKp, 
ovSe/uLtav i)fiepav virevdwos eivai (prjfii, (a/cofet? Aia^i- 
64 vi) ;) ovB' aWov ovSe'va, ovS' av rcov evvea apyomoiv 
Tt? oiv tv^t). Ti<; yap eart i-o/xo? roaavrT]? ahiKiar Kai 
/jiLcrav0p(OTTia^ /j,earo\, ware rov hovra rt twv tdicov Kai, 
iroir\aavra irpayjjba fyiXdvOpooirov Kai (fyiXoScopov rrj<; 
^dpiTO^ fiev ciiroGTepelv, et? tovs o-vKocpavras 8 ayeiv, 
Kai tovtovs eirl rds evdvva? <bv eScoKev ecjuaravai ; 
OvSe eh. El Be (prjcnv ovtos, Bei^arco, Kayco arep^co 
icai cncoir^aofACU. 

y AX7C ovk eartv, co avBpe? AOrjvatot, aXX ovtos na 
ovKofyavTwv, otl eirl ra> decoptKco Tore o)V eireSco/ca ra 
Xpyj/jLara, eirrjvecrev avrov (jyrjcnv i) ftovXr) vireu- 
Ovvov ovtcl. Ov uepl toutcov ye ovBevo? wv virevdwo? 
rjv, aXX e(p' ot? eireBwKa, eo crvKocpavra. AXXa Kai 
T6t^o7roto? rjada, <$>r\aiv. Kai Bia ye tovto opOw^ 
€7rr)vou/jL7]v, on TavrjXoofieva eirehwtca Kai ovk eXoyi^o- 
fJL7]v. 'O piev ydp Xoyio-pLos evOvvcov Kai twv e^eracrovrcov 
irpoaBelrai, rj Be Bcopea ^apiro^ Kai eiraivov BiKaia eon 
rvy^dvetv ■ Bioirep ravr eypatyev 681 irepl e/xov. ' On i 1 1 
B outco ravra ov puovov ev tols vo/jlols, aXXa Kai ev 
rot? v/jLerepots i)Qeaiv cjptarai, eyco pqBicds iroXka-^oOev 
Bei^co. npeorov fiev yap NavaiKXrj<; arparrjycov, ecf? ot? 
airo rcov iBiwv irpoeiro TroWa/a? earecpavcorai v<p vfioiv • 
ei6 ore ras aairiBa^ Aioti/jlos eBcoKe Kai ttuXiv XaplBr)- 
fxos, earecpavovvro ■ eW ovroai NeoirroXe/io^, 7roXXwv 
epywv eirLCTT aT7}s cov, e<f) ot? eireBcoKe reTi/xrjTai. %X € '~ 
4 



38 AHM026EN0Y2 

rXuov yap av elrj rovro ye, et rep riva apynqv apyovri *] 
SiSovat rrj rroXei ra eavrov Sia rv,v apyjqv jxt) e^e'errac, 
rj rcov Sodevrcov avri rov KO/JLLcraaOai \apiv evQvvas 
lis v(f)€^€i. Ore toivvv ravr aXrjdrj Xeyco, Xeye ra 2W 
^ijcfricr/Aara yuoi ra rovrois yeyevr]p,eva avra Xaftojv. 
A eye. 

tH$I2MA. 

*Apxcov ArjpovLKOS QXvevs, Borjftpopicovos eKTrj fxer eiKada, yvapy 
ftovkrjs kol drjpov, KaWlas Qpeappios einev, on doKel ttj (3ov~\tj Kal 
tco drjuco crrecpavaxTai Navui/cAea rov eVi rcov onXoov, on 'Adr/vaicov 
ottXltwv 8«r^tXio>i' ovTUiV iv "ipfipco Kal (3orj8ovvTcov to7s kotolkovctlv 
'Adrjvaioov rrjv vrjerov, ov dvvapivov <&l\covos rov eVl rrjs dioiKrjo-eoos 
K€^LpoTovrjpevov dia tovs \€tpu>vas Trkevcrcu Kal picrSodoTrjcrai tovs 
67rXtVas', €< t?js Ibias ovo-ias edcoxe Kal ovk elcrinpa^e tov drjpov, Ka) 
dvayopevaai tov crTecpavov Aiovvaiois rpaycodois KaLvols. 

'ETEPON *H$I2MA, 

116 EiVe KaXKtas Qpedppios, 7rpvTavea>v WeyovTuv (Sovkrjs yv(£>pr\ • 
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tKoroiv rivoiv vtto tcov TroXepioov o~KvXevdivTa>v, eK tcov Idlcov dvaXco- 
paToov KaOcoTrKio-av tovs veavlo-Kovs daTTio-tv OKTaKoaiais, Sedoxdai Trj 
(3ovXt) Kal to) Srjpcp aTecpavcccrai Xapldrjpov Kal AtoTtpov XP V °''? 
OTecpdvoi Kal dvayopevo-at UavaOrjvaloLS toIs peydXois iv too yvpviKcp 
dycovi <a. Alovvo-'lols Tpayoobols kolvoIs • ttjs Se dvayopevaeoos impe- 
\r)6i]vai deo-poOeras, TrpvTciveis, dyoovodeTas. 'j)t 

7 Tovrcov efcacrros, Atcr^cvT], 7^7? \xev ap^yj^ 17? VPX ev 
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avrwv toIs ciXXoLs Brjirov. 'Eirehwica • eiraivovpLaL Sea 
ravra, ovk, cov wv eireScoxa virevOvvo^. 'Hpyov • Kai 
CeSojfca ye evOvvas etceLvoov, ovy obv eireScoKa. Nrj AC, 



nEPI TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 39 

a\\' dSlfccos rjp^a ■ elra irapojv, ore fie ecarjyov ot, Xo- 
yiarai, ov KaT7]yopet<; ; 

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ot? ov% v7T€v0vvo<; rjv eaTecpavwaOat, \aj3cov avayvtoOi 
ro i]rrj(f)icr/jLa bXov to ypacpev fioi. Ot? yap ovtc eypa- 
-\jraro rov TTpoftovkevfJLCLTOs, tovtols a &ig)K€L avKOcpav 
rcov (pavTjo-erat,. Aeye. 

'E7Ti apxovros TLvdvKkeovs, livave^rioovos evdrrj dniovros, (f)vXrjs m 
irpvravevovcrrjs Oivrjidos, Krrjo-icpcov Aecoadevovs 'AvacfiXvarios einev • 
'Enei8r) Arjpoadevrjs Arjpoadevovs Tlaiavievs yevopevos empeXrjTrjs 
tt)s Tu>v rei^coi/ emo-Kevrjs /cat npoo-avaXaxras els to. epya dnb rrjs 
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eKaruu pvcis els Ovaias, t)ed6)(dat rrj (3ov\r) /cat tco brjpa tg> 'Adrjvalcov 
endiveaai Arjpocrdcvrjv Arjpoadevovs Tlaiavia, dpeTtjs eW/ca kci\ /caAo- 
KayaOlas rjs tpv 8iare\ei ev navri Kaipco els rov brjpov rov *A6rj- 
valoav, Kai crreCpavuiaai ^pucrco arecpdvco, /cat avayopevaai rov arecpa- 
267 vov ev tu> dedrpcp Aiovvcriois rpaycobols Kdivois ' ttjs t)e dvayopevaecos 
enipe\t]d^vai rov dyoivoOtTrjv. 

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vecrOai jjlol, ravr e&6* a StwKet^. To \aj3elv ovv tol 
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Kai 0€ol<; e^Opos Kai /3aaKavos ovtcos irolo<; Tt? av eir) 
ttoo? 6ewv ; 0u% 6 toiovto? ; 

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woWaKis auro? earecpavMaOai irpoTepov. AXXa irpo<s 



40 AHM026EN0Y2 

6ewv ovt(o atcaios el Kau avaia6rjTO<;, Aia^ivr), cocrr ov 
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tov vo/nov tovtov 7] 7roXt? ye'ypacpev. Aeye B clvtov 
flOL tov vofiov Xa/3cov. 

N O M 2. 

"Ocrovs crrtcpavovcrt. rives tcov drjfxcov, ray dvayopevcreis tcov aTecpd- 
vcov 7roi€t(r0ai iv civtchs eKci&rovs toIs Idiois S^/zcns 1 , iav pr\ tlvcis 6 
drjfios 6 tcov 'Adrjvaicov rj r) fiovXr) crrecpavoi • tovtovs 5' i^elvai iv 
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121 A/covets, AiQ-yLvi}, tov vo/iov XeyovTos aacpco^, ttXtjv 
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(fravTels ; Tl Xoyovs TrXaTtecs ; Tl ctclvtov ov% eXXe- 
{3opc£et<; e7rl tovtol? ; A.XX ovB aiayyvrj cpdovov Bt/crjv 
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Trpayixaai kcli toIs TroXirev^acri ytyvcocrKoixevov^. Kai 



IIEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 41 

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aOL KOLl TO) (TO) jeP€L ITpOijeaTLV, OVK 6JJLOL. 

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yeLV. Olfco&oprjcraL Be tovs irpoyovov? tclutl tu Blkci- 
ari]pLa vTreiXrjcfra, ov% Iva avXXe^avre^ v/JLa? et? ravra 
airo rcov lBlcov /cafco)? ra aizoppi^ra Xeycop^ev aWrjXov?, 
aU' 'iva igeXeyxeofiev, eav rt? rjSifCTj/ca? tl Tvy^avrj rrjv 
ttoXlv. Tavra tolvvv etSw? Alct^vt]^ ovBev iirrov ep,ov vm 
irojxirevuv avri rov Karrjyopelv elXero. Ov puijv ovB 
evravda eXarrov eywv BLKaLo? earLV arreXOelv. HBrj 
B €7tl ravra iropevaopaL, roaovrov avrov epayr-qaa^ • 
rrorepov ere rt9, ALO~yjLvr\, t>;<? rroXews eyupov fj epov 
26] e\vai <f)fj ; 'E/xov BfjXov brL. Elra ov p,ev iiv Trap' 
epov Blktjv Kara rovs vopovs virep rovrwv Xafielv, euirep 
i)Blkovv, efeXt7re?, ev rais evOvvaLS, ev rals ypaffials, ev 
Tat? aXXaLS KpLcreaLV • ov 8 eyco fiev a6u>o<; airaaL, rol<$ 125 
vopoLS, rco XP 0V( P> T V ^"poOeapia, rco K6KpLo~6aL rrepL 
iravrcov ttoXXukls rrporepov, ray paiBeir coir ore e^eXey^rj- 
vaL piijSev L>/xa? aBi,KO)v, rfj iroXet S' 7) irXeov 7) eXarrov 
avayKTj roov ye BiipioaLa ireirpayp.evwv perelvaL tt/s* 
Bo^rjS) evravOa aTTi^rrjKa^ ; Opa jjlti rovrcov fiev 
exPpos f]<iy e/xo? Be irpoahroLrj. 

EireLBi) roLvvv i] p,ev evaej3i)<; Kal BiKaia -^^05 128 
4* 



42 AHMO20ENOY2 

airaa BeSeifcrat, Bel Be /xe, a>? eot/ce, Kcurrep ov cJ)lXoXol- 
Bopov ovtcl (pvcret, Bca ra? viro tovtou {3XaG(f>7]jjLLa<; 
eoprj/bievas, avn 7roXXcov tcac -^revBwv avra ravayKaiorar 
etirelv TrepL avrov, Kau Sel^cu tls ojv teat tlvwv paStco? 

OUTO)? CLp-^et 70V ATO./CW9 XeyeiV, Kal \0J0VS TLVCLS BlCHTV- 

pet, avros eiprjKcos a ris ovk av oofcvrjcre rcov Lierpicov 
2? avQ ptcircov (f)6ey^aa6ai ; — El yap Aia/cos tj PaBa- 

[ACLvOvS 11 MiVCDS 7]V KCLTTjyOpCOV, aXXa /XT) G7Tep/JioXo- 

yos, rrepLrpL/x/xa ayopas, oXe6po<; ypafiixarevs, ovk av 
avrov oljxai roiavr eiirelv ovB av obrcos eTra^Oeis Xo- 
you? iropicracrOaL, toGirep ev rpaycoBla fiotovra co yrj 

KCLL 7]Xl€ Kal a peri] KCLL TCL TOiaVTa, KCLL TTuXlV GV~ 

vecrLV naL ir a lB e Lav eTTLKaXovpuevov, rj ra KaXa KaL 
ret atay/pa BLayLyvcoGKeraL' ravra yap Bi^rrovOev 

1 23 rjKover avrov Xeyovros. Sol Be apery]?, co KuOap/xa, r) 
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^7]Korcov ovB av et? slttol rrepL avrov roiovrov ovBev, 27G 
aXXci kclv erepov Xeyovros epvOpLaaeiev, rols B airo- 
XeicfiOelaL /xev, ojenrep av, irpoGiroLov/xevoL^ B vtt 
avaLo~6rjo-ias, ro rov$ aKovovra<; aXyelv iroLelv, brav 
XeytoGLV, ov ro ooKeiv tolovtols ecvai irepLearLv. 

120 Ovk airopcov B b ri ^pr/ irepl gov Kal rcov gcov 
elirelv, airopco rov irpcorov (xviigOco, irorep a;? 6 irari'p 
gov TpoLiyq eBovXeve irap 'EXirta ra> 77^0? ra @r]Gei<p 
BiBaG/covrL ypapLfxara, "^oivLKas rrayeia^ e^cov Kal £vXov, 



n E r I TOY 2 T E * A N O Y. 43 

t] rov '} luii'iTijp rots' pbeOrj/xeptvoU ya/jLoi<; ev ra> KXtaccp 

TW TTpO? TM KO\a/AlT7] ' ' HpCOL ^pCO/XEVr] TOV KoXoV (IV 

hpiuvra km r p tray cov tar r t v ctKpov e^eOpe^e ae ; AWa 
7T ( /'TvC laratii ravra, kuv eyco pa} \eyco. AW fx>? o 
7pn]pav\r)<? Qoppbtoov, 6 A'kovos rov 4>peappL0v BovXos, 
avecmjcriv avrijv diro ravrris t?/? KaXrjs epyacnas) 
AXXa vi] rov Aia kcli too? Oeovs o/cvco pa) irepi gov to, 
irpocnjicovTa Xeycov avro<; ov 7rpoarjKOvra<; epuavrco ho^co 
irpoyprjo-Qai Xoyovs. Tavra puev ovv eaaco, air avrcov i*i 
St cov avros fiefiicoKev ap^o/xac. OvSe yap cov ervyev 
i)v, a\\ ol? 6 8>;/xo5 Karaparat. 0\jre yap irore — , 
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Kau prjTtop yeyoi"?, teal Bvo GvXXaj3a<; TrpoaOeLS rov fiev 
rrarepa cart, Tpou7]~o<; eiroirjGev ArpopiTirov, rrpv Be 
urjrepa GejjLVco<; iravv TXavcoP^av, yv EfiTrovaav arrav- 
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cf>vo-ec, coot €\ev9epo3 etc SovXov ica\ ttXovglos etc \-to3- 
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u\\a [AiaOoo-as cravrov Kara tovtcovl tto\lt€V7]. Kal 
rrept cov piev eo-rc rc<; apL(f)iGj37jTr)GLS, &>? apa virep rrjs 
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44 AHM02 9EN0Y2 

vov ev lleipaieu /cat Karaarrjcravro^ et? ttjv eKKXrjcriav, 
jBowv 6 /3dcncavo<; ovro? kcll KeKpayo)?, &>? ev BrjpbOKparla 
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33 crev. Kal ev pui] r\ fSovXrj t) eg ' 'Apeiov irdyov ro irpaypia 
aiaOopuevrj kcli trjV vjxerepav ayvoiav ev ov Beovn crvpi/3e- 
firj/cviav iBovcra €7re£rjT7]cre rov avOpwrrov kcu cvXXa- 
(Bovaa eiravr\yayev go? vfias, egy]piraar av o tolovtos 
kclI to 8lfcr)v Bovvai BiaBvs egeire purer av vrro rov 
crepbvoXoyov rovrovc ' vvv B vpieis arpef^Xwcravres avrov 

34 aTrefcretvare, &)? eBet ye /cat rovrov. Toiyapovv eiBvla 
ravra r\ (3ovXi] ?] eg Apeiov rrayov rore rovrcp ire- 
irpayixeva, yeiporovrja avrcov avrov vpLoov gvvoikov virep 
rov lepov rov ev ArpXw airo rr\<$ avrrj? ayvoias rjcnrep 
7roXXa TrpoieaOe rwv kolvwv, &)? irpoetXeaOe Kaiceivr\v 
Kal rov irpayjiaro^ Kvpiav erron]aare, rovrov /lev evOvs 
airr\Kao-ev w? irpoBorr/v, 'TireplBrj Be \eyeiv rrpoaeragev 
Kau ravra airo rov ficopLov <fiepovo~a rrjv ^tj^ov eirpage, 

135 Kal ovBepita ijrrjcpos rfve'^Or) tgd paapcp rovrq). Kal oi 
ravr uXtjOt} Xeyco, KaXet rovrcov row? fiaprvpas. 

MAPTYPE2. 

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Zqvcov OXvevs, KAecoi> <&a\r]p€vs, Arjp.6viK.os MapaOcovLos, on rov 

$J]UOV 7TOT€ X €L P OTOvr i (TavTO S Al(T)(LVr)V (TVvhlKOV VTvkp TOV UpOV TOV tV 

Arj\a els rovs 'ApCpiKrvovas crvpedp^vo-avres rjpels eKpnapev 'Ynepi- 
brjv af-iov eivai paXKov vrrtp rrjs iroXecos Xeyeiv, Kal dneo~Ta\r) 'Yrre 
il8r]s. 

Ovkovv ore, rovrov pueXXovros Xeyeiv, airr^kaaev r] 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 45 

8ov\y] kcll nrpoaeia^ev erepco, rore kcli TrpoSorrjv elvat 
KCLL kclkovovv vfilv cnrecfcvvev. 

1 Ev /16V TOLVVV TOVTO TOLOVTO 7ToXLT6V/ia TOV V6CLVL0V 139 

toutov, ofiotov ye, (ov yap ;) ot? e/iov KaTrjyopel • eYe- 
pov Be ava/iL/ivi}aK€a6€. ' Ore yap UvOoyva $L\i7nro<$ 
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17]v ttoXlv kcll Bel^cov aScKovcrav, rdre eyco /iev ra> Uv- 
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ovB* vire-^cDpTjaa, aXX avaaTas avreliTOV kcll tcl t?5? 
7roX,e&)? &LKaLa ovyi irpovhoiKCL, aXX u&lkovvtcl ^lXlttitov 
e^rpXey^a <pavepcos ovtcd? ware tol»9 6K6lvov av/i/ia^ov^ 
clvtovs avLGTafievovs o/ioXoyelv ' ovtos Be avvrjycovL^ero 
kcll ravavTLa e/iapTvpeL tt) TraTplBi, kcll tclvtcl ylrevBrj. 

Kai ovk aire^pt] tclvtcl, aXXa ttclXlv /i€tcl tclv6' 137 

VCTT€pOV AvCL^LVG) TO) KCLTCLCrKOTTG) CTVVLCOV 6£9 T7]V QpCL- 
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/jllcov 7r€[A(j)0evTL jjlovos /jlovo) o-vvrjei kcll eKOLVoXoyelTO, 
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Tr) 7ra,TpL$L. Kcll otl tclvt aXrjOrj Xeyco, KaXeL /jlol tov- 

TCQV TOVS (JLCLpTVpaS. 



MAPTYPE2. 

Tikihr)p.os KXecoi/o?, 'Ynepi^s KaXXaiaxpov, NiKopaxos Aiocpdw 
rov fiapTvpov<TL Ar]poo-8ei/€i /ecu enapoaavTO eVi to>v arpaTTjycov, 
dhevai Alax^vrjp 'ArpoprjTov KodcoKidrju avvepxopevov vvktos els ttju 
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O-K07T0S Trapa <&i\i7T7rov. Avrai aTrtSodrjcrav al paprvplai iirX Nikiov, 
'EKaropfiaicouos rpiTT) lcrTaj.ievov. 



46 AHM029EN0Y2 • 

[39 Mupca TOivvv erep etirelv e^cov irep\ avrov TrapaXei- 
ttco. Kat yap ovtg) 7T&)? ^X ei " HoWa ar eyco en 
tovtcov expifit, Bel^ai tov outo? tear etcelvovs tol>? %/?o- 
vovs rols puev €%6poU virripercov epol S eirrjpea^cov 
evpeOrj • aXX ov Ttderai ravra irap vpuv eh aKpi$r\ 
f.ivqwqv ov8 r]V 7rpoarjfcev opyr\V, aXXa SeBoj/care Wei 
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tl tcov vpuv (TVfKpepovTcov v7ro<jKeXit,€Lv tea), crvKocpavTelv, 
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aarfcaXecFTepov aei toos e-^Opol^ vjTTjperovvTa pnaOapvelv 
?7 Ti)v virep v/jlcdp eXopuevov ra^iv iroXiTeveaOai. 

J39 Kal to fiev Sr] irpo tov iroXepbelv cpaveptos avvayco- 
VL^eaOai ^iXiiTTrq) Betvov fiev, cb yrj teat 6eoi, — 77-&J9 yap 274 
ov ; — Kara, Trjs irarptho^ ■ Sots & ei j3ovXeaSe, Sore 
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tjv aXV evearriKev TroXepuo^, b tl fiev ttozttot eirpa^ev 
virep vpucov 6 ftdafcapos ovToau Lap,/3eio(fcayo<; ovk av €%oi 
het^ai, ovS* eaTtv ovTe puel^ov ovt eXaTTOv -^ri^icrpia 
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tols TTpaTTopbevoL? VTT epiov tot e^ovT eyKaXeiv pn) 
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QrjTOWTa pur] (pepeiv et? pueaov Ta tovtcov apLetvco. 



IJEPIT0Y2TE*AN0Y. 47 

Ap ovv ov8 eXeyev, oiairep ov8 eypafev, r/vtKa 140 
epyacraaOat tl 8eot kclkov ; Ov fiev ovv rjv etirelv 
erepw. Kal ra fiev aXXa Kal fyepetv r)8vvaO\ &)? eot- 

K€V, Tj TToXiS KCLL TTOLGOV OVTOS XavOaVetV . €V 8 67T6- 

^eipyacaro, o) av8pe<; AOrjvalot, tolovtov b iracri tol? 
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Xcocre Xoyov<;, ra tow Aficptaaecov tcov Aotcpwv 8te^Lwv 
hoy/xara, co? Scaarpeyjrcov TaXrjOe's. To S' ov tolovtov 
eart ■ rrodev ; Ov8eiTOT eKVL-^rrj av TaKel ireirpayfieva 
o-avTQ) • ovy^ ovtco iroXXa epeus. 

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'Attlk^v, koI tov AttoXXo) tov UvOlov, b? waTpaios 
eoTL ttj iroXei, Kat eirevyofiaL iraat tovtow, et fiev 
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■175 T(p 8r]fi(p, 6t€ irpwiTov el8ov tovtovl tov fiiapov TOV- 
rov tov Trpciy/jbaTO? dirTOfievov (eyvcov yap, ev6ew<z 
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va fivrjfiovevovTas, eKelvo <f>o{3ovfiaL, firj tcov etpyacr/jte- 
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Tepov avve/3rj bie tov<; TaXatiraipovs <P(DK€a<; eTrotrjcrev 
anroXeaOat Ta y\rev8r) 8evp a7ra<yy€tXa<s. Tov yap ev 143 



48 AHMuSGENOYS 

Apcpiaarj iroXe/dov, hi bv et? E\areiav r)\9e ^i\i7T7ro<? 

KCLI Si OV Xip^Qf] TCOV A/lCpLKTVOVCOV ^ye/lCOV, C9 CLTTCIVT 

aveTpetye to, tcov JiiWrjVcov, ovtos ecrTiv o avyfcara- 
aicevacras kcli ttovtcov et? ai^p raw /xeytaTcov clitios 
kclkcov. Kcu tot evdvs epov hiapapTvpofie'vov KCll 

fioCDVTO? eV TT) €KK\r](TLa, TToXefJLOV et? TT]V 'AtTIKTjV 

etaayeiSi Atcr^lvrj, iroXe/xov ApicfiiKT vovlkov, oi 
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TCOV, KCLI TlVO$ €V6Ka TCLl/TO, GVVeCTKevdaOr) KCLI 7TC0? 

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tco <4> CkLTTirw OeaaecrOe. 
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GTpciTriywv tcov vpeTepcov tto\€uovvtcov clvtcq olicos wit 

CLVTOV TOV 7TO\eflOV KCLI TCOV XrjCTTCOV pLVpLCL €7TaCT^€ KCZKCL. 

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OTTOLOvah^iroO vfiels e^eTreyareTe GTpaTr\yov^ {eco yap 



■nEPI TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 49 

rovro ye) avrrj ttj (pvaet rov tottov kcli tcov virapyov- 
TG)v eftarepois KCLKOiraOeiv. El fxev ovv tt}<; iBias eveic if 
€%6pa<; rj tovs GerraXovs rj tov$ Or)j3aiov<; av/X7reL0oL 
fiahl^eiv 6(f) vfias, ovheva rjyelTO irpoae^etv avrro tov 
vovv ' av he ra<; e/ceivcov koivos 7rpo<f)aaei<; \a/3cov r^ye- 
fX(ov atpeOrj, paov rjXiTL^e ra fiev irapaicpovcrecrOai, ra he 
Treiaetv. Tl ovv ; Eiri^etpely OeaaaaO &>9 ev, 7ro\c- 
/jlov iroii](jai tols A/JL<pLKTvoac kcu irepi ttjv irvXaiav 
rapayjiv ■ 6t? yap ravr evOus avTovs v7re\a/jL/3avei 
avrov SericrecrOai. El fiev tolvvv tovto rj tcov Trap 1*8 
eavrov Tre/jbTTO/juevcov lepofivrjfxovcov i] tcov e/ceivov av/x/ia- 
ycov €La7]yolro 77?, viro-^reaOai to nrpayfia evofit^e Kat 
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TLCOV O TOVTO TTOLCOV, eVTTOpCO? \r\aetV ' blT6p €TVVe^7], 149 

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50 A H M O 2 e E N O Y 2 

avTwv ovaav yewpyelv ecpaaav, ovtgs Be r?;? tepas %wp«9 
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craaOai. TV? ovv eKXrjTevaev rj/xa? ; Ettl 7rom? ap- 
^97? ; Eure tov eiBoTa, Bel^ov. AXX ovk av e^oc?, 
aXXa Kevrj irpo^aaet tclvtt) Kare^oo) teat ^jrevBel. 

»51 UepLLOVTWV TOLVVV T7]V ^WpOV TWV A[Jb(biKTVOVWV 

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twv lepo/jLvrjfiovcov. 'fls S awa^ etc tovtwv eyKXr^aTa 
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evOews rjye/jLova rjyov ol KaTeaKevaapuevoL k<xi irdXac 
irovqpoi twv OeTTaXwv Kao twv ev rat? aXXcus iroXeaiv. 
152 Kat, Trpocjyao-eis evXoyov; euXr^eaav • r) yap clvtovs 
eiacpepetv vcu tjevovs Tpefeiv ecparrav Belv kgli ty/jLiovv 278 

TOVS fJLT} TCLVTCL TTOIOVVTOL^, T) 6K6LVOV alpeiQ-Qai. Ti Bel 

tcl 7roXXa Xeyecv ; HipeOrj yap c.k tovtwv rjyepLwv. 
Kat fxeTa TavT evOvs Bh. a/itv avXXe^as kcu irapeXOwv 
«9 eiTi tt)v Kuppaiav, eppwaOai (f)pdora<; 7roXXa Kippa-toi? 
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fir] fxeTeyvwaav evOews «? tovt elBov ol Grjftaioi zeal 
aeO rjjjbwv eyevovTO, wairep ^ecjxappov<s av airav tovto 






nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 51 

to rrpajfia et? ti}v ttoxlv eiaeiveo-ev * vvv be to y 
e£ai(pvT]<; eireayov avrov eicelvoi, /j,a\tara fiev, w av&pe? 
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hciov kclO eva avBpa, kol St efie. Ao$ Be puoi ra 
Soy/xara ravra kcli tow? %povov$ ev ot? eicctaTa t> e- 
TrpctKrai, iv eiBrjTe ifkitca irpayjiaTa 7) fiiapa Ke^aXrf 
Tapd^acra avrr] Bi/crjv ovk eBoifcev. Aeye yuoi to, hoy- im 

(JLCLTa. 

A O T M A A M * I K.T Y N G N. 

*E7rt lepecos Kkeivayopov, iapivrjs nvXatas^ e'So^e rots - TlvXayopots 
Kai rot? avvtdpois rwv ApcpiKTvovuv Kai tco koivu> t&v ApCpiKTvovoov, 
eneibr) 'A/x^io-crei? iTufia'ivovuiv eVi rr)u iepav ^oopav Kai aireipovcri 
Kai JocrKiifxaat Karavepovaw, in^XOdv tovs TLvXayopovs Kai tovs 
avvedpo^s Kai o~TT)\ais diaXafielv tovs opovs, Kai aTremeiv rots* 
'ApCpicrcrevo-L tov \017rov prj e7rt/3atWti>. 

'ETEPON AOTMA. 

*E7rt lepecos KXetvayopov, iapivr]s TrvXaias, e'So^e to7s Uv'Kayopois 155 
'9 Ka\ rots' avvcdpois tu>v ApcpiKTvovcov Kai rco kolvco tcov ApcftiKTvovcov, 
(7T€i8r) ol e'£ ^Apcpio-arjs TrjV lepav ywpav Karaveipdpevoi yewpyovai 
Kai fSnaKt^para vepovai, Kai KcoXvdpevoi tovto ixoielv, ev rots- 6tt\ols 
napayevopevoi, to kolvov tcov c EAA?}i>coi> avvedpiov KeKco\vKacrt peTa 
peas, tlvcis 8e Kai TeTpavpaTiKaai, tov o~TpaTr)y6v tov yprjptvov tcov 
' ' ApcptKTvovoiv Korrvcpov tov 'Ap/caSa 7rp€0-j3evaaL npos ^lKittttov tov 
MaKeSoVa, Kai d^iovv tva (BorjOrjar] tco re 'AnoWcovi Kai to7s 'A/x« 
(jtLKTvoo-iv, 07TC0S- pr) iTcpdbrj V7TO tcov daeficov 'Apcpiao-ecov tov 6ebv 
irhrippikovptvov • Ka). Start avrov crrpar^yoi/ avTOKpaTopa alpovvTat 
ol "EWrjves ol peTe^ovres tov avvehpiov twv ' ApCpiKTvovcov. 

Aeye Bq teal tovs ^povovs ev oU tclvt eyiyveTO • elal 
yap read* obs eirvXayoprjaev ovto<$. Aeye. 

X P N O I. 
"Apxcov MvrjaiBeidTjs, pvvos * AvQeaT-qpiwvos ckttj eVt dcKaryj. 



52 AHM026EN0Y2 

56 Abs Br] [AOL T7]V €7Tl<TT0\r]V T\V, CO? OV% VlTrjKOUOV e> ' 

Gr)/3cuoL, nrefiirei irpo<? tov$ ev IIe\o7ropvrjcra> crvfifia- 
%ou? o ^^Xt7T7ro?, Iv etBrjre /cal etc ravrr)^ cra<£co? oti 
tt]v fiev aXrjOrj nrpo<f>ao~LV rwv irpay/jbarcov, to tczvt eiri 
rr]v 'EWaBa kcli tovs Qrjftaiovs /cat vfias wparreiv, 

aTT6KpVlTTeTO, KOLVCL Be KCLC TOL? A/jLCpLKTVOCTL Bo^CLVTCl 

itol€lv TrpoaeiroLelro. 'O Be ra<? acfropfias tcujtcls tcai 
Tas 7rpo(pacrei^ avra> irapaa^wv ovto<$ rjv. Aeye. 

EniSTOAH SIAIIinOY. 

157 Bao-ikevs MaKebovcov ^iXinnos TLtkoTTOvvrjaicov ra>v iv rrj o~vppa- 
Xia ro7s drjfiiovpyois kcu rot? <rvv£$pois kcli rots- tik\ois ayppaxois 
naui x a ^P €lv ' 'En-eiS^ Ao/cpol ol Ka\oup.evoi 'O^dAcu, kcltolkovvt€s 
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rov ivearcoTOS p.rjvos Awov, a>s r)pels ciyopev, cos Se 'ABrjvaloi, Botj- 
Spopitovos, cos de Kopivdioi, Havepov. Tois de pr) avvavrrjo-acri 
Travdrjpel ^p^cro/xe^a, rols de avp.(3ov\oLS rjp.lv Keip,tvois err l(t] plots. 
Eurt^erre. 

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'J^XXa? avOpoiirov. Ov% u(j) eW?, aW viro TroXkaiv 

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ovtogI, bv 3 ev [irjBev ev\aPr}6evTa Takrjde? elnrelv Beat 



nEPI TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 53 

ovk av 0KV))crai[iL eyooye koivov aXiT^piov toov fiera 
ravra airoXooXoToov diravToov enreiv, avOpooiroov, tottoov, 
TroXecov • o yap to airepfxa Trapaayoov, ovto% toov (pvv- 

TOOV aiTLOS. *Ov 07TCO? 7TOT6 OVK €V0V<> L$OVT€S aire<TTpLl" 

*• (pi]T€, 6av/id£oo • rr\i]V irokv tl cveoTO?, co? colkcv, earc 
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%Vfll3e{3r)K€ TOLVVV UOC TOOV KCLTtl t?5? TTdTpihos tout a) ISO 

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eiKOToos uKOuaatTe fiov, fiaXcaTa o otl aiaypov eaTtv, 
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V7T0 TOOV Ta ^ikiTTTTOV (j)pOVOWTOOV KCLl Si6(f)6ap/J,€VO)V 

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KaTrjyopoov ' a yap irepi ©rjfialoov enTiTi^a? ifioi, €K€t 



54 AHM029EN0Y2 

vcov 7ro\v fiaWov i] e/xou Kariyyopels, tcov irpoTepov r) 
eyco ravrrjv ttjv av/i/ia^lav So/afiaauvTcov. 
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tovtov jxev 7roc7]aavTO^, avfjL7repavafiev(ov Be tcov aXkcov 
tcov avvepycov avrco tt)v irpos &7]/3cuov<; e-^dpav, cvve/37] 
tov <&i\L7T7rov e\6elv e<f) ^a?, ovirep eveica ta? TroXeis >-i 
ovtol crvveicpovov • kcu €l fir) 7rpoe£aveaT7}{i€v puicpov, 
ovB avaXa[3elv av r/BwrjOrj/xev ' ovtco ^XP L ^opP * 
TTpor^ayov ovtol to 7rpayp,a. Ev ois S t)t6 rjBr) tcl 
7rpo9 aXXrjXowi, tovtcovl tcov 'tyrjCpLcr/JLaTcov axovcravTes 
teal tcov diroKpicrecov euaecrOe. Kcll jmol Xeye tclvto, 
XajScov. 

V H $ I 2 M A. 

.64 y En\ apxovros 'Uponvdov, p,rjvbs 'EXacprjiBoXLcovos enry (pQivovros, 
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craaBaL Dovvai yjpovov rfj Trokei Kai ras dvo^as 7roir]cracrdai pexP 1 T °v 
Qapyrjkicovos p.r}vos. ^Hipedrjaav €K rrjs povXrjs 2lp.os ^Avayvpdcrios 
Ev6vC)T]fWS <&\vdo-LOS, BovXayopas 'AXconeKrjOev. 

'ETEPON tH$I2MA. 

!65 'E7Tt apxovros 'Hponvdov, p.rjvbs Movvvxccovos evr/ kcu via, TroXe 
fxdpxov yvmfiTf, eVetS?) ^iXimros els dXXorpiorrjra Qrjfiaiovs Trpos 
rjp-ds eVt/3dXXerat Karacrrrjcrai^ TrapeaKevaarat de Kai Travrl rep crrpa- 
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fiaivcov ras 7rpbs rjpas VTrapx^vcras avrcp o~vv6j]Kas, behoxOai rfj {3ov\rj 
Kai rco drip-co Tvep^ai irpbs avrov KrjpvKa Kai Trpecrfieis, olrtves a^ico- 
rovcri Kai TrapaKaXeaovo-iv avrov iroLrjcraadai ras dvoxds, ott^s evdf* 



II E P I T O Y 2 T E * A N O Y. 55 

\outi>u)s 6 8?]pos ftovXevtrrfTiu • Kai yap vvv ov KtKpiKe (3orj8elv ev 
ovSevl ra>i/ perpliov. 'lliptdtprav €K rys fiovXrjs Neap^as 'Sioerivofiov, 
TloXvKpdTijs 'Eiriqjpovos, kuI Kijpvt- Evvopos 'AvacpXvaTios €K TOV 
Brjpov. 

Aeye S)j teat, tw? airoKplaeis. IM' 



AnOKPI2I2 A0HNAIOI2. 

BaaiXcvs MaKeboviov <&[Xnnros 'A8rjvaicov rfj (3ovXrj Kai r c5 bfjiioy 
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Kill Tii'a erirov()rjv noisier 8 e TTpoo-Kiiklcrao-dai [SovXdpevoi QerraXovs 
ko\ Qqftaiovs, en 8e kcu Bouotovs • BtXriou 8' avrcov cppoviwurccv 
Kai pi) jSovXopevcov e'ef) vp.lv TroiT]cracr8ai rrjv iavrStv alpeaiv, dXXa 
Kara to avpepepov lo~rapevcov, vvv e£ v-rroaTpocprjs dnoo'TeiXavTes 
vpels Trpos pe np so- fie is Kai KrjpvKa crvv8i}Ko-)v pvrjpovevers kcu tcis 
avoids aiTelarde, Kar ov8ev v(f) fjpcov TrsTrXijppsXrjpsvoi. 'Eyw 
psvroi aKovaas Ttov TrpsafisvTwv avyKararidepai rols TrapaKaXovps- 
vois kcu sroipos elpt noielcrdcu rag avoids, iiv irsp rovs ovk dpdeos 
avpj3ovXsvovras vp.lv Trapa-nep^avres rfjs TrpoarjKovo-r]s dripias ci^ico- 
OTT]T€. "Eppooade. 



AnOKPI2I2 0HBAIOI2. 

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ravrrjs pevr/re rr/s TrpoBtaecus. EppcoaBe. 

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Bill TOVTCuV, Kai TOVTOLS €7Tap6eLS T06? ^^(^iCTyLtacrfc Kai. 

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Teiav KaieXafiev, cos ovS av ei n yevoiro gtl av/n7TV€v- 



56 AHMO20ENOY2 

aovrcov av tjpicov tcai rcov &7]j3aicov. AXXa firjv rov 
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fjUfcpa o afcovaare oficos, avra ravayKaiorara. 

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tt)v fiovXijv etcaXovv et? to ftovXevT7]puov, vfiels B e*? 238 
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raveus ra irpocriiyyeXiJLeva eavrols Kai rov jjKovra rra- 
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p eve iv fiovXerau ; Uaprjei B ovBets. IZo\\a/a? Be 
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vopbovs cficovr]v a(f)L7)cn, ravrr\v koivt)v rr)<$ rrarpiBos Bi- 

i7i Kaiov eariv rjyelcrdaL. Kacroi ei [lev tol>? crcoOrjvai rr)v 
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rov<; TrXovcncorarovs, oi rpLaKoaLocel Be rov<; a/icporepa 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 57 

raura, nai evvov<; ttj iroXeL kcli irXovaLOVs, ol fierd 
ravra ra<; fieyaXas eircSoa€L<; eircSovTes • kcu, yap 
evvoia teat irXovrw tovt erroL^aav. AXX , w? eotfcev, 172 
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kcli ttXovglov avSpa efcakei, uWa kcll irap^KoXov- 
OrjtcoTCL to?? Trpajfiaaiv e£ apxfjs, k.cli o-vXXeXoyLcrjLLe- 
j ov opOcoq tivos eveicd ravr eTrparrev 6 $ lXltttto*; kcll 

TL t3ov\OfJL€VO^ * 6 JUp JLLT) TCLVT €L&CO<Z /jLT}8 €%T]TaK(0$ 

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E17TOV TOLVUV, OTL TOU? fJL ev CO? V7T CLp^OVT COV ©7}- 174 

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58 



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175*12.9 8 e X eL> € 4 >7 ^ v > Ta v7a afcovaare fiov. Ek6i* 
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air apxV? avueo~T7]KOTa$ avru> Kai vvv evavri- 
ov fiev ou? ov$a{iQ)$ rrelaai ovvarai. Ti ovv 
ftovXerai Kai tivos evefca rrjv EXareiav Karei- 
X7](f>€v ; UXrfcr iov Suvafiiv Sei^as Kai irapa- 
crT7]cr<X9 Tci ottxcl tou9 fiev eavrov <pt/Vou? eirapai 
kcu Opacrel^ iroirjcrai, tou? 8' evavriov fie'vov? 
■caraTrXrj^ai, iv r) avy^cop^crcocri fyofBrjOevres a 

\?6 vvv ovk ed eXovcriv, rj j3iacrdcocriv. Ei fiev toi- 
vvv 7rpoaip7]<jo/JLe6 ijfiels, ecfirjv, ev reo irapovri, 
ei ri SvctkoXov irenrpaKTai ©rjftaio i? irpos rjficis, 
rovrov fie fivqcruai Kai airiar eiv avrois co<; ev ttj 
tcqv e^dpwv ovcri fiepiSi, irpwrov fiev a av ev- 
%clito <fr iXiiriro^ 7roii]ao/jLev } elra (pof3ovfiai fir) 
7rpocrBe£afjLev(0V twv vvv avOearrj kotcov clvto) Kai^i 
fiia yvcofir) iravTwv ^iXiirir icravrcov et? ti]v At- 
tlktjv e\6cocriv a p, <fi or e p o i. 'Hv fievr oi'TreiaOrjr 
efiol Kai irpos reo GKOTrelv aXXa fir) (f>iXoveiKeiv 
7repi d>v av Xeyco yevrjad e, olfiai Kai ra heovTa 
Xeyeiv Sotjeiv Kai rov ecpecrrrjKora kivBvvovitj 
iroXei BiaXvaeiv. 

77 Ti ovv (prjfii Beiv ; Tlpcorov fiev rov irapovra 
erravelvai (poftov, elra fieraO ecrO ai Kai (pofiei- 
aOai .iravra^ virep Qrjftaiwv iroXv yap tcov Sei- 
vSv eicrlv rjficov eyyvrepai, Kai irporepois avrols 



DEPI TOY 2TE$ANOY. 59 

eariv 6 klv6vvo<; • eiretr etjeX6ovra<; EXeval- 
vade rou9 ev 7]Xlklcl /cat rovs lirireas Bel^ac ira- 
(tlv vfj,a<; clvtovs ev rols ottXols ovra$, Iva rol<; 
ev Oii/3aL$ cj)povovat ra vp,erepa ef laov <ye- 
vtjtcll to Trapprjaia^eadac nrepl rcov Sofcatcov, 
ibovaiv on, coo-irep rots ttcdXovctl ^lXltttto) rr)v 
jrarpcSa irapeoO* r) $ot)Qr\crovo-a bvvajALs ev 
'EXareta, ovrco tols virep rr)$ eXevOeptaS ayay 
vl^ecrOai fiovXo/ievoL? virapyeO v/j,el<; eroL/xoL 
teal {3or)6j)(T€T , eav res eir avrov? irj. Mercies 
ravra ^etporovrjerat, tceXevco Sexa it peo~ [SeLS, 
kcli 7to njcrac tovtovs KvpLOvs fiera roov crrpa- 
rrjycov real rov irore Set ftabL^etv eicelae kcm, rrj<s 
e%o6ov. 'EirecSav S' eXOcoai-v ol it pea /3eL<? et? 
Gr\fBa<;, 7ra)? ^p7]aaa6ai tw nrpay jxan irapai- 

Vto ; ToVTCp TTILVV {IOC 7T p <J €^€T 6 TOV VOVV. Mr} 

helaOat Gr}/3atcov fXTjEev (atcr^/30? yap 6 kcli- 
f>o?), aX~)C eirayyeXXeaOat, ftorjdrjcretv, eav k€- 
Xev coctlv, w? e/ceivcov bvroov ev tol$ eaydrois, 
i]jjlcov be afieivov r) tceivoi to fieXXov Trpoopoy/jue- 
vcov ' Iv eav fiev be^covraL ravra kcli ireiaOwaiv 
•88 rj/xlv, Kai a /3ovXo/jLe6a co/nev Slwkt) fxevoL Kat 
[Aera tt poayqfiaro<; a^tov ttJ? 7ro\ea>? ravra 
rrpa^o) fiev, eav 6 apa jjuif ovfji^r) Kararv^elv, 
eKelvoi fiev eavrol<; ejKaXcocrLv, av ri vvv etja- 
fjuapravcoo-LV, 7]/jlIv 6e fJbrjSev aLcrypov fJLrjbe rairei- 
vov fj ireirpay fievov. 



60 AHM02GENOY2 

'79 Tavra Kal 7rapairXr\aLa tovtols eLircov KaTe'jSrjv. 
XvvenraivecravTGyv Be iravTcov kcll ovBevos etirovro^ evav- 
t'lov ovBev, ovk elirov fiev ravra, ovk eypa-^ra Be, ovB 
eypatya fie'v, ovk eirpeajBevaa Be, ovB eir pea ft ever a jiev, 
ovk eireiaa Be @r)/3aiov<; ' aXX airo ttjs a pxV^ & La 
htuvtcov ayjpi Trjs reXevrrj^ Bce^rjXOov, kcli eBcoK epcavTOV 
vpuv llttXws et? tovs ire p tear tjkotcls rf/ TroXet klvBwovs. 
Kal jioC (pepe to yjrr,<f>terfia to totc yevopuevov. — 

so Ka&roi tivcl ftovXeL ore', Alct^lvt], kcli tivcl epuavTov 
eKeivr\v ty\v ijpLepav elvai 6co ; BovXet epLavTov ptev, ov 
av crv XoiBopovpuevos kcli Bcacrvpcov KaXecracs BaraXov, 
ae Be p,r)B rjpco tov TvyovTa, aXXa tovtcov tivcl twv 
airo ttjs o~K7}vrj<;, KpeacpovTrjv r] KpeovTa t) ov ev Ko- 

XVTTQ) TTOTe OLVOpLCLOV KCLKOS KCLKCOS V7T0KpLV0pL€V0<; 67T€- 

Tpt^a? ; ToTe tolvw kclt eKelvov tov KaLpov 6 Hcllcl- 
vievs eyco Bclt&Xos Oivopuaov tov KoOojklBov crov 
TrXelovos a^cos cov ecfcavrjv Ty iraTpiBt. Xv /iev ye ovBev 
ovBafiov %pr]cniios rjcrOa • eyco Be ttclvtcl baa irpoarJKe 
tov dyadov ttoXlttjv eirpctTTov. 
Aeye to tyrjcpLapLa. 

*H$I2MA AHMO20ENOYI 

yi 'Etti apxovros No.v(tik\.€ovs, cpvXrjs 7rpvravevovo"r]s Alavrib'os, 2kj« 
pocfcooiuivos eKTrj eVi Sena, Arjpocrdev^s Arjpoo-devovs Ilaiavievs elirev • 
'E7reiS)7 ^iXwrtroff 6 Mcucedovatv (Saaikevs ev re tg> TrapikrjkvdoTt xp° va > 
7rapa(3alv(ov (fiaiverai ras yeyevrjfievas avrco o~vv6rjKas irpos tov ^Adrj- 
vaicov bt]p.ov irepl rr/s elprjvrjs, v7repi8o)v tovs opicovs kcu ra napa 
7rao-L Tols EWtjo-i voui£6p.€va eivai diicaia, kcu noXeis 7rapaipeiTai 
ovdev avrcp 7rpocrr)Kovo~as, Tivas t)e Kal ^Adrjvaicov oycras 8opiaX.d>TOVS 
7T€7roir]K€P ovdev 7rpoa8iKr]6els hub tov $r)p,uv tov " AOwalaiv, ev Te t<5 



nEPI TOY STE'fANOY. 61 

napovri eVi noXv npodyei rf/ copoTrjTi • K(u yap 'EXXr)vl8,:s n<)\(is 132 
us pev epcbpovpovs 7rotet Kcu Tas TroXiTeias KaTaXvei, Tivas Be Kal 
e£av8pa7ro8L£dpevos KaTaaKcmTei, els evias 8e kci\ clvt\ 'EXXyjvcov fiap- 
(Sdpovs KUTOtKi^fi enl to. lepa Kal tovs rdcpovs endycov, oi8iv dXXo- 

TpiOV TTOLCOV OVT€ TTJS eCWTOV 7TaTpi8oS OVT€ TOV TpOTTOV, Kal TT) VVV 

avTco irapovcrr) tv^tj KUTaKopcos ^pco/new)?, emXeXijapevos eavrov on 
ett piKpov kcu rov t tvxovtos yeyovev dveXTvlcTTcos peyas. — Kai ecos 133 
pev ndkeis eoopa napaipovpevov avrov ftapftdpovs Kal Ideas, vrreXdp- 
fiavev eXarrov civcu 6 8r)pos 6 'Adi]vaicov to els avrov nXrjppeXeladai' 
vvv 8e bpcov 'EXXr]vi8as 7r6Xets rds pev vf3pi£opevas t rcis 8e civaard' 
tovs yiyvopevas, 8eivbv ^yelrai elvai Kal dvd^iov ttjs tcov npoyovcov 
86£r)s to Trepiopdv tovs "EXXr/vas Kara8ovXovpevovs. Aid 8e8oKrai 184 
tt) [3ov\rj Kal tco 8r)pco rep ' AQrjvaicov, ev^apevovs Kal dvcravras toIs 
6eo7s Kil Tjpcoai toIs KaTe^ovcTL tt)V ttoXiv Kal Ti]v x^P av T h v 'A^jy- 
vaicov, Kal ev6vpi)6evras ttjs tcov npoyovcov ciperr)s ( 8u>rt nepl nXe io- 

SO vos €7toiovvto rr)v tcov 'EXXrjvcov e'Xevdeplav 8iarrjpelv rj ri)v Idtav 
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dvarrXelv evrbs IlvXcbv, Kal tov crrparrjydv Kal tov imrap^ov rds 7re£ds 
Kal rds 'nnriKcis 8vvdpet.s , EXevcr'ivd8e e^dyeiv • nepyp-ai 8e Kal irpe- 
crfieis rrpos tovs ciXXovs "EXXrjvas, npcorov 8e ttcivtcov npbs Qrjftainvs 
8cd to eyyvrdrco eivai tov QiXlttttov Tr)s eKeivcov -^apcis, 7rapaKaXe1v 135 
8e avTovs pr)8ev Kara7rXayevras tov <£>[Xl7T7T0v dvrexeo~6ai rr)s eavrcov 
Kal ttjs tcov iiXXcov 'EXXt]vcov eXevOepias ' Kal ore 6 'Adrjvaioov drjpos, 
ovdev pvrjaiKciKcov e'i ti npoTepov yiyovev dXXorpiov tous 7rdXecrt 7rpds 
dXXrjXas, fiorj6r)0-*i Kal hvvdpecri Kal XRVI JLao ' L Kat /3e'Xfo-t kcu ottXois, 
eldcos otl ax/Tois pev npos dXXr)Xovs 8iap<pLcrl3rjT(lv nepl Ttjs rjyepo- 
vias ovacv "EXXtjcti KaXoV, vtto 8e dXXo<pvXov avOpcoirov cipx*o~8ai Kal 
Trjs rjyepovlas aTrocTTepelo-Qai avd^iov elvat Kal Ttjs tcov 'EXXtjvcqv 
So^rjs Kal ttjs tcov npoyovcov dpcTtjs. "Eti be ovde dXXoTpiov fjyeiTai 186 
elvai 6 'Adrjvatcov 8r)pos tov Qr/fiaicov drjpov ovtc tt} tTvyyeveia. ovt€ 
tco opocpvXco. ' AvapipvTjarKeTai 8e Kal Tas tcov npoyuvcov tcov eavrov 
els tovs Qrjj3aicov npoyovovs evepyeaias ' Kal yap tovs 'HpaKXeovs 
naldas anocTTepovpevovs vnb UeXonovvrjo-Lcov Ttjs irarpcoas dpx^ 
KaTTjyayov, toIs dnXois KpaTijaavTes tovs avTifiaivetv ireipcopevovs toIs 
HpaKXeovs eyyovois, Kal tov Olbinovv Kal tovs per eKeivov eWf- 
crovTas v-rrede^dpeBa, Kal erepa noXXd i)p1v vndpxei CpiXdvdpcoTra Kal 

£1 ev8o£a Tvpbs Qqfiaiovs. AioTrep ov8e vvv diroaT7)creTai 6 'Adrjvatcov IS7 
8r]pos tcov Qr/fiaiois re Kal to7s ciXXots "eXXtjctl o~vp<pepovTcov. ~2vv- 
6ecr6ai 8e npbs avrovs kcu crvppaxuiv kcu encyaplav Troirjcrao-dai koi 
opKovs 8ovvai Kal \a(3e7v. — Upecrj3eis ArjpouSevrjs Arjpoadevovs 
Haiavievs, 'Yirepibrjs KXedv8pov 2(prjTTios, Mvr)aidei8r]s 'Avrtcpdvovs 
<bpedppios, ArjpoKpaTTjs 2co(/)t'Aou &Xvevs, KdXXcucrxpos AiOTipov 
Ko6coKi8rjs. 

6 



62 AHMO20ENOYS 

iss Avrr] tcov irepl Or t (3a<; eylyveTO it pay holt cov apyj] /ecu 
Karaaraai^ irpcoTT), to. irpo tovtcov et? eyOpav /cat [m,go<$ 
teal airiaTiav tcov iroXecov virriy jxevcov vtto tovtcov, 

ToVTO TO TJTTjCpLCrfAa TOV TOT€ TT) TToXeL 7T€pLCTTaVTa KLvBv 

vov irapeXOelv eiroLrjcrev coairep ve<fio<?. 'Hv fiev tolvvv 
tov St/cacov ttoXltov tot6 Bel^aL ttclctlv, et ti tovtcov 

189 elyev afietvov, jjlt) vvv eirLTL}iav. 'O yap avfi{3ovXo<; 
/eat, o o~VKO(pavTr}$> ovoe tcov aXXcov ovoev eoL/coT€$, ev 
tovtco 7r\eio~Tov aXXr\Xcov hca^epovaiv • 6 fie'v ye irpo 
tcov TrpayfjLUTcov yvco\xi]v a7ro<pacv€Tai, tcaL BlBcoctlv avTov 
virevOvvov Tot? ireicrOeio-t, rrj rvyij. Tot? xaipok, too 
jSovkofieva • 6 Be cny7}cra<s rjvi/c eSet, XeyeLv, av ti Bvctko- 

190 Xov av/ji/3rj, tovto fiacrteaivei. 'Hv pbev ovv, birep elirov, 
eicelvo? 6 icaipos tov ye <f>povTi£ovTO<: avBpo<; t?}? iroXeco? 
ieai tcov Ziieaicov Xoycov • eyco Be ToaavTrjv v7rep/3oXrjV 
irocovfjuac coaTe av vvv eyq tls Bel^ac ti (3eXTiov, rj bXcos 
el Tt aXXo evrjv 7tXt]v cbv eyco irpoetXofMrjv, aBiieelv ojjlo- 
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av tot€ irpayOev, tovt eyco cpT] jjll Be2v efie firj XaOelv. 
El Be ilt\t ecTTL \xT\Te rjv /^t av eiireiv eyoi /LLrjBel? 

fJLr]BeiTCO KOL Tr}/jL€pOV, TI TOV GUjJL^OvXoV eypT\V TTOLelv ; 292 

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acrQai tol fieXXovT eaeaOaL. Xov B aepcovov KaT 
eKelvovs tovs ypovovs ev Tat? e/cKXr}crlaL<; KaOriixevov, 



nEPI TOY 2TE$ANOY. 63 

eyo) irapiiov eXeyov. ErretBi] B ov Tore, aXXa vvv 
Bel^ov, enre T£? i] Xoyos, ovtlv eyprjv evpecv, 77 Kaipo? 
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avfifiayca, t/? 7roaft9, ecf) rjv fiaXXov eBec fie ayayelv 
tovtov at, ; 

AXXa jjbrjv to fiev TrapeXrjXvuos aei irapa ttclglv 192 
LKpetrcu, Kcu ovBeus irepc tovtov 7rpoTi6r]atv ovBafiov 
j3ou\tjV ' to Be fieXXov 77 to irapov tt)v rod GVfijSovXov 
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ra)V Beivwv, ra 8' 7/877 iraprjv, ev ot? tt)v TTpoacpeatv fiov 
cncoirei T779 iroXiTeia^, fir) ra aufi/3avra avKOfpavrei. 
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ylyveraL, r) Be irpoaipecns avrrj rr]v rou avfi/3ovXov 
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Kparrjaac o-vvefir] ^lXlttitw rrj fiay/r) • ev yap reo Sew to 
tovtov TeXo9 r)v, ovk ev efiot • aXX &>9 ov% airavTa oaa 
evrjv tear avOpomtvov Xoytcrfiov eiXofiTjv, Kai BiKauos 
ravTa Kal errtfieXQ)<; eirpa^a Kal fyiXoirovws virep Bvva- 
fiiv, 77 w? ov KaXa Kai T779 iroXews atjca 7rpdy/ubaTa 
eveo-rrjadfirjp icai avaytcala, TavTa fiot Bel^ov, real tot 
77077 fcaT7]yopet fiov. El B 6 avfi/3a<; o-fcr}7TTO<; [77 yet- 191 
fio>v\ fit] fiovov r/ficov, aXXa Kai iravTWV tcdv aXXcov 
ii EXXrjVcov fiet^cov yeyove, tl ypr) iroielv ; " 'flair ep av 
el ti$ vavfcXrjpov iravT eirb acoTrjpia irpd^avTa Kal nraai 
KaTacncevacravTa to irXolov a<f> cov v7reXdfif3ave acoOrj- 
aeadac, elra yeifiwvi yjpiqaafievov Kal irovr] a avT cov avTw 
tcdv GKevcov 7] Kac vvvTpiftevTwv oXcos, Trjs vavayias 



64 AHMO20ENOYS 

cliticoto. AXX ovr 6fcvf3epV(ov ttjv vavv, cprjaetep 
av icoairep ovd eaTpaT^yovv eyco), ovre rr]S t^%^9 
Kvptos rjv, aXX e/ceivr) tcov iravTcov. 
es AW eKelvo Xoyi^ov teat bpa • et /iera ©yftalcov 
rj/juv aycovi'Cop.evoi^ ovtcqs etfiapro irpa^ai, tl yjpr\v 
TrooaBo/cav, et fjL7]Be toltou? eayopev av/A/xdyov?, aXXa 
QiXiirircp irpoaedevTO, virep ov tot etcelvos irdaa? 
acfyfjKe cpcovds ; kclI et vvv TpLcov rj/iepcov airo t?$? * Atti- 
Kr}$ oBov ttjs j^ayrj<^ yevofievrj^ toctovtos klvBvvos tcai 
<f)o/3o$ irepieaTT] ttjv ttoXlv, tl av, et irov Trjs ycopa<i 
ravTO tovto iraOos avve/3r], 7rpoaBoKrjaaL yprjv ; ' ' Ap 
olaO otl vvv [lev aTrjvai, avveXOecv, avairvevaaL, 
7roXXa fila Tj/xepa kclL Bvo teat TpeLs eBoaav tcov et? 
crcorypiav ttj iroXet • tot6 o — , ov/c a^LOv eareiv a ye 
fjL7]8e uelpav eBcotce Oecov tlvos evvoca Kau to 7rpG(3aXea6at 
ttjv ttoXlv ravTijV ttjv avjufiayLav, 17? av KaT7]yopeis. 

196 EaTL Be TaVTL TTaVTCL flOi TCL 7ToXXa 7T^O? VfJLCLS, 

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atcpowfievovs, eireu irpos ye tovtov^tov KaTanTvaTov 
jSpayy^ Ken, cra<fcr)S etjiipfeei Xoyos. El /juev yap rjv croi 
7rpoB?]Xa Ta fieXXovTa, Aca^Lvrj, fiovco tcov aXXcov, ot 
eftovXeveO'' 7) ttoXls irepL tovtcov, tot eBec rrpoXeyeiv. 
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yeyova et? avTa TavO a Xeyco (kclI ovttco nrepX tcov 
aXXcov BiaXeyo/j-aij, caov eyco jiev eBcoKa efiavTov el? to. 



n E P I T O Y 2 T E $ A N O Y. 65 

itcxgl BoKOVVTa avycpe'peLV, ovBe'va klvBvvov owr-pa? loiov 
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raros Kat huGp,eveGTaTO<> avOpcDiros rrj 7roXei, tovto 
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orparos €v Na%(p Kal ApLGToXecos ev Qcigcd, ol KaOairag 
€%6pCt TT)<; 7TO\cCt)?, TOU9 A07]vatcov KptvovGL cfitXovs, Kat 

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brw ra tcov EXXr(vcov arv^rjfiara eveuSofapLelv airefcetTO, 
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Trjs TroXecos e^Opols, ovk eve tovtov evvovv elvai rrj 
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revTj Kat ttoXlv ov 7ro\crev7]. UpaTjerai tl tcov v/jllv 
SoKovvTcov GvpapepeLV ' cicficovos Alg^lvt]^. AvreKpouae 
tl Kal yeyovev otov ovk eoet ■ irapetTTiv Alg^ivt]^. 

flairep ra pr^fiaTa Kal ra GTraGptaTa, oTav tl KaKov 

to Gcopta Xaftt), tot€ klvcItol. 

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evvoias b Xe'yco decop-qaaTto. El yap rjv airaat irpc,or)Xa 

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brav i(p 0ea> ravra Bokj} • Tore B a^iovaa irpoeardvai 

rcOV aXXcOV, €LT aTTOGTCLCFCL TOVTOV, ^ikllTlTW TTpoBeBcO- 

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aKOViri, irepi cov ovBeva kivBvvov bvrtv ovy virepieivav 
01 rrpoyovoi, T£? ovyi Kareirrvaev av gov ; Mr] yap 

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Aio<$ ecopcofiev av row? et? rr)v iroXiv avQpcoirov? acfii- 
KVOv/uLevovs, ei rd jnev irpdy\xar a? birep vvvi irepiearr], 
tiyepLWV Be Kai Kvpio? ype0rj $> iXittttos diravrcov, rov B 
virep rov fir] yevea0ai ravr aycoifa erepoi ycopl? rjficov 
v,oav irerroirjfievoi • Kai ravra ii7]BerrcoiTore rr)<$ 7roXeco$ 
ev rocs €firrpoo~0e ypovois acrcfiaXeiav dBo^ov fiaXXov rj 

202 rov virep rcov KaXcov klvBvvov r)pr]fievr]?. TV? yap ov/c 
olBev EXXrjvcov, T£? Be ftapfiapcov, brt Kai rrapa &7)- 
(Salcov Kai rrapa rcov ere rovrcov rrpdrepov layypcov 
yevo/ievcov AaKeBaifiovicov teat rrapa rov Uepaccv {3aai- 
Xeo)? fierd iroWqs ydpiros rovr av aafievcos eBddr] ry 
rroXei, b rt /3ovXerai Xaj3ov<rr) Kai, ra eavrr)? eyovar] ro 
tceXevdfievov iroielv Kai eav erepov rcov EXXi t vcov rrpoe- 

■03 err dvai. 'AXX* ovk f)v rav0\ &>? eoiKe, Tot? rdr ' 'Adrj- 
vaiois rrarpia ovB aveKra ovB eficpvra, ovB r)Bvvrj0r) 
rrcoirore rr)v iroXiv ovBeis eK rravro? rov ypdvov irelao.i 
rols itryyovcri fiev fir) BiKaia Be irparrovcri rrpoa0efxevr]v 
aacfiaXcos BovXeveiv, aXX aycovi^ofievrf irepi rrpcoreicov 
Kai rifir)? Kai BofjrjS Kivhvvevovaa rravra rov aicova 
BtarereXeKev. 



II E P 1 T O Y 2 T E * A N O Y. ()7 

'-% Kcu ravO ovrco aepva Kai irpoar)KOvra rov; v/jL€T€- '"i 
pot? yOeatv {/pel? inroXapL(3dver eivai, coare Kal rwv 
irpoyovcov row? ravra rrpa^avras fiaXtar erraiveure' 
etAroTO)?. 1 t? y^p ou/c ai/ ayaaairo rcov avopcov €K€lvo)v 
t?J? aperi}^, ol Kal rr)v ywpav kclI rr/v iroXiv e/cXnreli/ 
vne/xetvav el? ra? rpii]pei^ e/^/SaWe? virep rov lit) to 
KeXevopuevov iroirjcraL, rov puev ravra avpi^ovXevaavra 
QefuaroKXea arparvyov eXofievoi, rov B viraKoveiv 
a7roc[)7]pafi6vov rots emrarro\xevoi^ KvpacXov KaraXi- 
Otoaavres, ov llovov avrov, aXXa Kau at yvvaiKe^ at 
vfjiirepat ti]v yvvaiKa avrov. Ov yap e^rovv ol tot 205 
AOrjvaloi ovre pr^ropa ovre arparrjyov Bl brov BovXev- 
aovoriv evrv^co^, aXX ovBe %rjv rj^lovv eu lit) tier eXev- 
Oepias e^earai rovro rrotelv. 'Hyelro yap avrcov etca- 
o~to? ov%c rco rrarpi Kai rrj purjrpc pbovov yeyevrjaOai, 
aXXa Kal rfj TrarpcBt. jdiCKpe'pet, Be ri ; ' Ore 6 iiev 
to£? yovevac fiovov yeyevrjaOai vofii^cov rov rrjs eijxap- 
Lievr}<; Kal rov avroiiarov Odvarov irepLpbevet, 6 Be Kal 
rfj rrarpiBi virep rov pn] ravrijv eirtBelv BovXevovaav 
aTToOvrjCTKecv edeXrjcrei, Kau cpofteptorepas i/y^o-erac T<*-? 
v/Spei^ Kal Ta? ariLicas, a? ev BovXevovcrij rfj iroXec 
<f>€p€iv avayKr), rov Oavarov. 

Ei iiev rotvvv rovr eire^eipovv Xe'yecv, oj>? dpa eyco m 
7rpoT]yayov v/jlcis a^ta rcnv irpoyovcov (fipovelv, ovk ea6 
ocrrt? ovk av euKorco^ eiriTLLLticreie pot. Nvv B eyco jiev 
vfiere'pas Ta? rotavras irpoaipe'crets airocpacvco, Kal Bei- 
KWjJLt on Kal irpo epbov rovr ei%e ro <ppovr)jjLa 7) iroXts, 



68 AHMO20ENOY2 

T>}? fjL€VTOL hlCLKOVLCLS T^? €(f) efCCMTTOLS TCOV 7r€7rpay/jL€PC0V 

20? kclI epuavTcp fiereival cj>r)[u • ol>to? Se tcov bXcov /caTrjyo- 29? 
pcov, /ceXevcov v/jlcls e/Aol iriKpcos ^X eiv ^ ? < j )0 ^ (0V Ka1, 
klvDvvcov clitico rf) iroXei, t?5? fxev et? to irapov Tifir]<; 
epue aTTOGTeprjcrcLi yXl^erai, tci o° et? cnravra top Xolttov 
yjpovov eyKcopua vficov cupaipeirai. El yap a>? ov ra 
fieXTiara epuov TroXtrevcrap.evov tovBl KCLTa-^rrjcfrietcrOe, 
rjfjLapTTjKevcu So^ere, ov 777 Trjs tv^tj^ ayvcopboavvr] ra 

203 o-vfiflavTci iraOelv. ' AXX* ovk eariv, ovk earcv oV©? 
rjfiaprere, avSpes ' AOvpaioi, rov virep rrj? omdvTcov 
eXevOeptas kcli crcoTrjpLCLS klvBvvov apa/xevoL, /jlcl tov<s 
MapaOcovi irpotavhwevaavra^ tcov irpoyovcov kcli tov<z 
ev UXcltcllcll? 7rapaTa%a{ievov<; kcll tov<$ ev XaXafuvt, 
vavpiay(7](javTa^ kcll tovs eir AprepLicrMp kcll 7roXXovs 
erepov? tovs ev tols orjfiocrioLS p,vir}fjLa<ji k€l/jl€vov<; aya- 
6ov$ av$pa$, ov? airavTas bpuoitos r) 7ro\t? ttjs avTrj? 
d^Lcoaacra tl/jltjs eda-^rev, Alcr^lvr], ov%i tol»? KCLTOp6co- 
cravTas clvtcqv ovSe tovs Kparrjcravra^ [jlovovs. Alkcllw 
o fjLev ydp rjv ayaOwv avSpcov epyov, caracn ireirpaKTaL, 
T7j tv-^i) o' \ rjv Bai/Jicov eveifiev e/cacrTois, tclvtt) k4- 

yjpi)VTCLl. 

8t9 "EnreiT , co Karapare kcll ypa/jL/juaroKvcpcov, ov fiev Tr)$ 
wapa tovtcovl TLfirjs kcll cf)LXav6pco7rLa<z ep, airooTeprjoat 
/3ovXo/jl€vo<;, rpoiraia kcll fia^a<; kcll ttclXcllcl epya eXeyes, 
cov tlvos TrpocreSelro 6 irapcov aycov ovtool ; 'Ep,e 6Y, 
co TpiraycovicTTci, rov irepL tcov Trptorelcov avju/3ovXov rr) 
woXei irapiovra to twos (ppovTjfia XaftdvT dvafialvuv 



HEPI TOf 2TE*AN0Y. 69 

€irc to firj/jb eSei ; To tov tovtcdv avafjia epovvTOS ; 
4i/caico<; /juevrav airedavov. Eirel ovB vfias, avSpes 21a 
1 AOrjvaloL, airo T17? avTrjS Siapoias See to.? re lSlcls St/cas 
<ai t<x? Sr/jiocnas KpiveLV, aXXa tcl /xev rov ko.0 r/fiepav 
Slov avfi^oXata ern tcov ihtcov voficov kcll epycov o~ko 
rrovvras, ra? Be kolvcis TrpoacpeaeL<; eis ra tcov rrpoyovcov 
a^twfiara airofiXeTrovTas • kcll TrapaXappaveiv ye ap,a 
ttj /3aKrr]pia kcll tw avfJL(3oXco to cppovrjfjLcu to 7-779 7ro- 
Xeco? vo/JLL^eiv eKaaTov v/uLgov Bel, qtclv tcl Brj/jLoaia 
eLo-LTjTe fcpLvovvTes, eLirep a£ia etceLvayv irpaTTeLV OLeaOe 
y^prjvat. 

AXXa yap e/xireacov et? tcl nreirpay/Jieva tols irpoyo- 211 
vols v/jlcov, ecrTLV a tcov yfrrjcpLcrfiaTCOV Trapefirjv kcll tcov 
irpayQevTcov. 'EiraveXOelv ovv oiroOev evTavO* e^eftrjv 
SouXofiac. fl<; yap acpiKo/xeO et? ra9 07}/3a?, KaTe- 
Xa/LL{3avofjLev ^lXlttttov Kal ©eTTaXcov kcll tcov aXXcov 
av/x/xa^cov irapovTa^ Trpeo-jSeLS, kol tovs fiev rj/xeTepov^ 
<PlXov<; ev <fio/3co, tou? B ckclvov Qpaarels. Otl B ov 
vvv TavTa Xeyco tov crv/acfyepovTos eveKa e/xavTco, Xeye 
fioL tt)v eiTLaToXrjv 7]v tot eireix-^rafiev evuvs ol irpe- 
<r/5et?. KaLTOt TocravTrj y virepftoXr) crvKocpavTLas 21a 
ovtos Ke'xprjTaL, coctt €l /xev tl tcdv BeovTcov e7rpd%07], 
tov KaLpov, ovk efie cpr]o-LV o!ltlov yeyevrjaOaL, tcov S' cos 
€Tepco<; crvfJLpavTwv airavTcov e/xe KaL ttjv efirjv tv^tjv 
clltlov elvaL ' KaL a>? eoLKev, 6 avfx^ovXos Kal pr/Tcop 
eyco tcov fiev e/c Xoyov KaL tov (SovXevo-aaOaL irpa^dev- 
tcov ovBev avTco avvaLTLOs elvaL Bokco, tcov B ev to!<; 



70 AHM02GEN0Y2 

6tt\ois kcll Kara tt\v crTpaTrjyiav aTV^7]6evTO)v [lovo? 
clitios elvai. ITo)? av (D/Aorepos avfco$avT7)$ yevoiT rj 
KarapaTorepo^ ; Aeye rrjv e7rto-ToXrjv. 



« EII 12 TO AH. 

EireiBrj tolvvv eiT0i7]aavT0 rrjv efCKXrjalav, irpoarjyov 29s 
e/ceivov? irporepovs 8cd to trjv twv avfifid^wv rd^cv 
etceivovs eyew. Kao TrapeXOovTes eSyfiyyopovv, 7roXXa 
fiev ^CKiiTTrov eyKw/jaa^ovTe^, iroXXa 8 v/jlcov Karqjo- 
povvres, iravO baa Trodiror evavTia eirpa^are ®r)(3ai,OL<$ 
ava l aifivrjaKOVT€<;. To 8 ovv KefyaXalov, rj^iovv oyv \xev 
ev ireirovOeaav vito ^cXlttttov yapw avrovs airohovvai, 
tov 8 vcf) vyjwv rj8ifC7)VTO 8l/ct]v Xaftelv, oirorepw^ /3oi/- 
Xovrai, 7) 8tevra<; clvtovs €(p vfias rj avvefif3aXovTa<; et? 
rv,v Attlk^v. Kal e8eiKwaav, co? wovto, etc jxev a>v 
avrol avve(3ovkevov rd etc rrjs ' ' Attlkt]^ ftoaKr^aTa teal 
dv8pd7ro8a real rdX)C ayaOd et? tt]v BoicoTtav TJ^ovra, 
6K 8e cjv r}/LLas epelv ecpaaav ret ev rrj BoiwTia 8iap7ra- 
aOrjaopbeva viro tov iroXepLov. Kai aXXa iroXXa nrpos 
tovtois, et? ravrd 8e iravra avvretvovT eXeyov. l A 8 
'ijfieLS irpos ravra avTetiropev, ra puev Kau efcaara eyco 
jj-ev uvtl iravTos av TipirjaalpLTjv earelv tov /3lov, vjxa<; 
Oe 8e8oi/ca, fir] irapeXrjXvOoTwv tmv Katpwv, coairep av 
€i KaTa/cXvcrfAov yeyevr\aQai tqov irpayiiaTcov fjyov/jievoi, 
jidraiov o^Xov tovs irepl tovtcov Xoyovs vopaar\Te • o tl 
8 ovv eTreiaa\xev ^yttet? Kal tj/jlIv direicpivavTO aicovaaTe. 
Aeye TavTi Xafioov. 



DEPl TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 71 

AIIOKPIZIZ OHBAinN. 215 

Mera ravra toivuv ckuXovv v/ias Kal yL€Teir£\±irovTO. 
'E^yre, eftor/Oelre, (\va rav fxea(p TrapaXetTrco) ovtcos 
oi/c€ioo<; 1/yu.a? eBe^ovro, coai , ef&> tgov ottXitcov kcll tcov 

2C l7T7r€(OV OVTCOV, 6i? TCI? OLKLd? Kdl TO CUTTV 06^6(TOai TT]V 

(TTpariav eirt iralhas /ecu yvvai/cas feat ra Tipawraja. 
Kclltol rpia ev eKecvrj rfj ijfiepa iraaiv avOpaiTrots ehei- 
£av eyKwpua Orj/3a?oi kcl9 v/jlgov ra KaXXoara, ev puev 
dvSptas, erepov Se hiKai0Gvvr]<;, rpcrov Be aaxfipocruvr]?. 
Kal yap rov aywva fiaXXov fieO vficov f) irpos vpuas 
eXopbevot iroLiiaaaOai, Kal a/iecvous elvai k<xl BiKatorep 
a^iovv v/jLol? kfcpivav ^lXittttov ■ Kai ra Trap avrois Kal 
it a pa ttclgl B ev irXelo-rr) <f)v\aicf), iraiBas Kai yvvaiKas, 
ecf) vplv 7TOi-t]o-avre<;, ao)(f)poavv7}<; tucttlv irepl v/xcov 
e^ovres eBec^av. Ev ot? iracnv, avBpes AOrjvalot, Kara 2j6 
y v/jlcls opdoos efyavrjaav eyvcoKores. Ovre yap et? ttjv 
ttoXiv eiaeXOovros rov arparoTreBov ovBeis ovBev ovBe 
aBtKcos vplv evetcaXecrev • ovrco acoeppovas irapea-^ere 
v/ias avrovs ■ Bis re o-vfiTrapara^afievot ra$ Trpcoras 
fia^as, rrjv t eirl rov TTora/Jbov Kal Tr\v ^eifjiepiv^v, ovrc 
a/ie/jL7TT0V<; fiovov u/xa? avrovs, aXXa Kat 6avfJLa<jT0v$ 
eBet^are t<w Koafxco, rals irapaaKeval^, rrj irpoOvjJiLa, 
Ecf) ot? irapa fiev rcov aXXcov vplv eycyvovro eiraivoi, 
irapa S' vputov Ova tab Kat irofiiral T06? 6eol<$. Kal 217 
eycoye ?/oea)? av epotfirjv Alo-^lvtjv, ore raur eirparrero 
Kal fy]Xov Kal X a P^ Kai tTTawaiv rj ttoXls r\v fiear^, 



72 AHM029EN0Y2 

irorepov crvveOve kcli avvevc^paivero tois ttoXKo'ls, y) 

XvTTOV/jLeVOS fC£U CTTeVWV K.CLL BvG /JL6VCLIVC0V T06? KOLVOL^ 

ayaOols olkoi Kadrjro. El fiev yap Trapijv kclL fiera 
rwv aXXcov e^rjra^ero, 7rco9 ou Becva iroiel, fiaXXov B 

OVO GCTta, €L COV to? CipLCTTCOV CLVTOS TOV? UeOV? 67T LT](T CLT O 

/laprvpas, ravO co? ovtc apicrra vvv u//,a? a^tol -^rrjfyl- 
aaa-Qai rovs o/MD/jbOfcoras tovs Oeovs ; El Be fir) 7rapr)v, 3C 
7rw? ov/c airoXcoXevac 7roXXaKLS eari Bikclios, et e<£ ot? 
eyaipov ol aXXoi, ravra eXvirelro opcov ; Aeye Br] kcli 
ravra ra ^7]<^>iafiara {jlol. 

WHQI2MATA QTXinN. 

21 s Ovtcovv Tjfjbei^ jxev ev duaicus rj/xev Tore, Or)/3a2oi 8' 
ev rep Bt, r)jj,a<z creaoicrOai vofic^ecv, kcu rrepieidrriKei rols 
fioiideias Ber^eaOat Bokovctiv acf) (bv eirparrov ovroi, 
clvtovs (3orj6eiv erepocg e£ wv eireioQr\r efioc. AXXa 
fir]v of a? tot r)(f)Lei, (f)Q)va<z o <PlXi7T7tos kcli ev oiais f)v 
rapayal^ eiri tovtois, etc rwv emaroXwv rwv etcelvov 
fiaO^creaOe, tov et? HeXoirovvrjcrov eirefirrev. Kal fioi 
\eye ravra? Xaficov, iv eiBryre r\ e/nr) crvve^eia tcai irXa- 
vol teat raXairrwpiai icon ra iroKka ^jrrjcfrccr/uLara, a vvr 
ovros Bieavpe, ru aireipyaaaro. — 

219 KacroL 7roXXoc irap vfuv, avBpes AOrjvaloi, yeyovacrt, 
pjjTopes evBo^oi teat fieyaXoi irpo efiov, KaXXtarparo? 
e/celvos, ApicrTO(f)cov, Ke<paXo<;, @paavj3ovXo?, erepoc 
uvpioi ' aXX b/jLcos ouSet9 rrwirore rovrcov Bia iravro*; 
eBccxcev eavrov et? ovBev tv iroXei, aXh! 6 /jlcv ypd(f)cov 



nEPI TOY 2TE$ANOY. 73 

ovtc av eirpeafBevaev, 6 8e 7rpea/3ev(OV ovtc av eypa\jrev. 
TireXetire yap avrcov e/caaro<; eavrco a/ia ptev paaroyvqv, 
cijia 8 el rt yevotr , avatfiopav. Ti ovv ; — elirot rts av, 220 
— av roaovrov V7repr}pa<z rovs dXkov? pcofirj /cat roXfir], 
coo re iravra rroteiv avros ; Uv ravra \eya>, aXX 
ovtcds €7re7r€Lafi7]v fxeyav elvat tov Karei\r](f)dra kiv8v- 
vov rrjv rroXtv, coar ov/c e8o/cet ptot yapav ov8e rrpdvotav 
ov8epttav rrj<; iotas aa(f>aXeias 8i8dvat, aX)C dyairrjTOV 
302 elvat, et firjSev irapdXetircov rt<; a 8el rrpd^etev. 'Eire- 221 
7reia/j,7]v 8 virep e/iavrov, rv^ov fiev avataOrjrcov, ojjlcos 
8 eireireiapb^v, /jtrjre ypa<f>ovr av eptov ypd-^rat (3eXrtoi 
/jL7]8eva, fjL7)T€ rrparrovra irpd^at, fir^re irpeafievovra 
77 pea j3ev a at rrpoOv/iorepov /xTjoe 8t/catorepov. Aid ravra 
ev rraatv e/iavrov erarrov. — Aeye rds eirtaroXas rd$ 
rov QiXittttov. 

EniXTOAAI. 
jBt? ravra Karearrjae ^tXtirirov rj e/xr) iroXtrela, 229 
Aiayj,vt) • ravrrjv rrjv (pcovrjv e/celvos d(j>rjrce 81 epte, 
ttoXXovs /cat Opaaels ra nrpo rovrcov rrj iroXet erratpo- 
fievos Xoyovs. Av6 cbv 8tfcai(os eare<pavov/ji7]v viro 
rovrcovt, /cat av rrapwv ov/c avreXeyes, 6 8e ypa-^rd^evos 
Ataiv8a<$ ro jxepo^ rwv yfr^cpcov ovtc eXafiev. Kai jjtot 
Xeye ravra ra ^rr](j>ta/jLara rd rore ptev airoirec^evydra, 
viro rovrov 8 ov8e ypafyevra. 

WH&IZMATA. 

Tavrt ra yfrrjcptafiar , co dvBpes Adrjvatot, ra<; avra<; 22: 

7 



74 AHMO20ENOY2 

avWa/Sas Kal ravra prj/xar eyet, airep irporepov fiev 
ApccrrdviKOS, vvv Be Kitjcncbcov ye'ypacfiev ovrocrc. Kai 
ravr AiGyjLvr}<$ ovr eBtco^ev avros ovre rco ypa-^rapbevco 
crvyKarijyoprjaev. Kacrot rore rov Arj^OfieXr} rov 
ravra ypdcpovra tcai rov 'TirepiBijv, e'lirep aXrjOrj fxov 
vvv Kariqyopel, fiaWov av eucorws rj rovB* eSccoKev. 
*M A ia ri ; "Ore rco puev ear aveveytcelv eir e/ceivov<; Kac 
ra? rcov BiKaarrjpicov yvcocreis Kal ro rovrov avrov efcei- 
vcov fir] Karr\yop7]Kevai ravra ypayjravrcov airep oi/to? 
vvv, Kal ro rov$ vo/novs firj/ce'r eav irepc rcov ovrco 303 
irpa^Oevrcov /carrjyopelv, fcal iroWa erepa' rore S' avro 
ro irpayjjb av eicptvero ecp avrov, irpiv ri rovrcov irpo- 

225 Xaftelv. 'AXX? ovk t)v, oljiat, rore, b vvvl iroiel, eic 
iraXaicov %pdvcov Kal ^jr7](f)io-/jLaro)V iroWcov eKXe^avra, 
a /jL7]re irpoyBei firjBels p.r\r av ayrjOr) rtjfiepov prjdrjvat,, 
BiaftaWetv, Kat fxereveyKovra tou? ypovovs Kal irpocpd- 
crets avn rcov a\r\Qcov i^eu8e£? fiera6evra rols ire- 

226 rrpayfjievois, BoKelv ri \eyeuv. Ovk f)v rore ravra, aX\! 
eiri rrjs aXrjOeias, eyyf9 rcov epycov, en y^eyLvrnxevcov 
vjjLcov Kac jxovov ovk ev rai<z yeptriv eKacrra eyovrcov, 
iravres eyiyvovr av ol \oyot. Atoirep rov? Trap avra 
ra rrpdyixar e\£yyov<$ cfivycov vvv rjKei, prjropcov dycova 
vofXL^cov, w? y eyboi Boicel, Kac ov%l rcov ireiroXcrevpevcov 
e^iracrtv iron)o-eiv v/jlols, Kat \oyov Kpiauv, ov rov rrj 
iroXet, crvfjitfiepovros eaeaOac. 

227 Elra aocj)L^erac, Kat cpTjcrc irpoar\Keiv 979 puev oiKoOev 
r\Kei eypvres So J?;? irepu rj/^cov afxeXrjaai • coairep 8*, 



EEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. "75 

brav OLo/JLevoi irepielvai yp^puara rep Xoyt^aOe, av ica- 
Oapat (haw al yjn]<poi fcal fiT]$ev Treptrj, avyycdpelre, ovrco 
Koi vvv rots" €K rov Xoyov <fiatvop,evoi,<$ TrpocrOeaOac. 
GedaaaOe roivvv o>? aaOpov, a>? eoutev, earl <f>v<rei irav 
b ti av firj Sikclicos fj Treirpay/nevov. Ek yap avrov c*29 
rov aocpov tovtov irapaoeLyfxaTos cofioAoyrjfce vvv y 
vpas vrrcLpyeiv eyvwape'vovs ep,e pcev Xeyecv vrrep *n}s 
3fi irarpiSos, avrov 5* vrrep <&lXittttov ■ ov yap av puera- 
rreiOeiv vpLCts efy]rei pui) rocavrrjs ovarjs rrjs vrrapyovar]^ 
v7roXrjyjreco^ rrepl etcarepov. Kat pcr)v ore ye ov ScKaia 229 
Xe'yec pbera6ea6ai ravrrjv rrjv Bo^av a^cwv, eyco BiBd^co 
paBicos, ov Ti6eu<; -^rrj(f)OV(; (ov yap eariv 6 rcov rrpaypidrcov 
ol»to? \oy Lo-pbos) , aXX avafii/xvrjcrKcov etcacrra ev f3paye<ri s 
XoycaraU apua ica\ puaprven rots aicovovaiv vplv Y^pcopuevo^. 
H yap ep,r) rroXireia, ^? ovros Karrjyopel, avri pbev 
rov Or)/3alovs puerd 4>tXi7nrov orvvepLfBaXelv et? rrjv 
ycopav, b rravre<; coovro, p,e6 rjpaov irapara^apuevov; 
etceivov KcoXvetv eiroirjaev ' avri Be rod ev rrj Attlkj} 23« 
rov t 7roXepiov elvat, errraicocna oraBta airo rrjs rroXeco? 
eirl rols Bottorcov opioid yeveaOai • avrl Be rov rov? 
A,7/crra? rjpas cpepeiv Kat ayeiv e/c rrjs Evflotas, ev eiprjvr) 
rrjv Attiktjv e/c 6aXarrr)$ elvat rravra rov rroXepiov * 
wrc Be rov rov EXXr]a7rovrov zyeiv ^iXirrrrov, Xa/3dvra 
Bv^avriov, o-vpL7roXep,elv rov? Bv&vriovs pte6' rjpbwv 
wpos etceivov. ' Apa croc tyrfyois opioios 6 rcov epycov 231 
Xoyiapbos cpatverat ; 'H Becv avraveXelv ravra, aXX* 
ov% 07ra)? rov drravra yjpovov puv^pbovevOjiorerai cr/cei^a- 



78 AHM029EN0Y2 

crOai ; Kal ovk(tl irpoo-TtOq/ii, otl rrj<; fiev co/zott^to?, 
tjv ev oh KaOaira^ tlvlov Kvpio? Karearr] QiXlttttos 
eo~Tiv uBelv, irepoi? TreipaOrjvai crvve'fir), tt}? Be cptXav- 
dpcoiTtas, tjv ra Xoara tlov Trpay/iarcov eicelvos irept^aX- 
Xo/ievos eifXaTTero, vfiels KaXcos TroiovvTes toi/9 Kapirou*; 
KetcofALcrOe. AXX eco ravra. 

s£2 Kal [jb-qv ovBe tovt earelv okvyjctco, otl 6 tov prfropa 
/SovXofievos BiKaito? e^era^ecv tcai pur] crvKOCpavTelv ov/c 
av, ola av vvv eXeyes, tolclvtcl Kariyyopei,, TrapaBeiypbaTa 3f« 
irXaTTcov teat pr]fj,aTa Kal a^fiaTa fic/jLov/Aevos (iravv yap 
irapa tovto, — ovy^ opas ; — yeyove ra tcov EXXtjvcov, 
ei tovt i to prjpba, aXXa fir] tovtI BieXe^Orjv eyco, rj Bevpl 

233 TJjv X e ^P a > ^^ f^l $evpl jrapriveyfca), aXX* eir avTcov 
tcov epycov av ecrKoirei Tivas eiye y a<popjbLa<; r) 7roXt<; Kal 
Tivas Bvvafieis, 6t a? ra Trpdy/xaT eio-rjetv, Kal Tivas 
avvrjyayov avTrj fieTa TavT emcrTa? eyco, Kai ttco$ el^e 
ra tcov evavTtcov. EIt ei \xev eXaTTOvs eirotvcra tcl$ 
bwafiecs, Trap e/iot, TabiKrj/ub av ebetKwev ov, eu be 
iroXXco puel^ovs, ovk av ecrvKocpavTei: EiretBr] Be^av 
'tovto irecpevyas, eyco iroLr)aco • Kai crKOTrevre ei biKaicot 
%p7](roficu tco Xoycp. 

234 Avvapuv fiev tocvvv ei^ev r) 7roXt<; tov<; vrjcncoTas, o ^ 
aizavTa^, aXXa tov<; aaOeveaTaTOVS ' ovt6 yap X/o? 
ovi e 'PoBo? ol>T€ KepKvpa fieO rjficov r\v ' ^prj/jiaTcov be 
avvTaPtv et? irevTe Kal TeTTapaKovTa TaXavTa, Kal 
TavT r(v Trpoe^etXeyfieva ■ ottXcttjv B rj unirea irXr\v 
tcov OLKeicov ovbeva. L Be itovtcov Kau cpoflepcoTaTov 



HEPI TOY HE*ANOY. 77 

teat, fxaXtaO virep rcov e^Opcov, ovtol irapeaKevaKeiaav 
rou? irepL^copovs TravTCis e%0pa<? 7] (f)i\ia<; eyyvrepco, 
Meyapels, &7]/3aiov<;, Evftoea?. Ta puev tt}? 7ro\eco<; 235 
ovtcqs vTTrjp-^ev eyovra, km ovBels av e%0L irapa ravr 
eiirelv aXko ovBev • ra Be rov $i\i7nrov, irpos bv tjv 
ijixlv 6 aycov, afce^aaOe ttcos. Ilpcorov fiev r\pye tcov 
ukoXovoovvtcov avTO? avTOKparwp cov, o tcov et? rov 
iroXe/JLov jneyiarop eariv airavTwv • el6 ovtol ra birXa 
eXyov ev tois ^epalv aei • eirena ^prj/xaTcov evircpei, 
3-36 kcu eirpaTTev a Bo^eLev avrcp, ov irpoXeycov ev toI<$ 
yp-rjcfriG-fMao-LV, ovB ev rep cpavepa) (3ovXevop,evos, ovB vtto 
tcov (TVKO<fiavTouvT(DV icpLvopevos, ovBe ypafyas (pevycov 
Trapavofxcov, ovB virevOvvos cov ovBevL, aXX dirXcos avTO$ 
oeo~7roT7]s, rjye/Mov, Kvptos 7ravTCov. Jbyco o o irpos 236 
tovtov avTLreray/jLevos, kcu yap tout e^eraaai Slkcliov, 
vivos fcvpios Y\v ; OvBevos ■ Avro yap to Br] fiTjy opelv 
Trpcorov, ov [jlovov pberel-^ov eyco, etj icrov TrpovrlOeO* 
vpLels rocs Trap* eicelvov fiLcr6apvovaL icai epLol, kcu ocra 
ovtol nrepiyevoiVTO ejmov (iroXXa B eyiyveTO TavTa, Be 
r]V kfcaaTOv tv^ol Trpocpaaiv) , Tavd virep tcov eyjjpcov 
airrjTe /3e/3ovXevpLe'voL. AXX bfjicos etc tolovtcov eXaT- 227 
TcopaTcov eyco crv '^ua^oi;? fiev vpuv eirotrjaa Evfioeas, 
Ayakovs, KopivOiovs, @7)(3aiov<; y Meyape'as, Aev/ca- 
Biovs, KepKvpaiovs, acf> cov fivpioi \xev kcxl irevTaKio-^L- 
Xlol %evoi, Blct^lXlol B Lirirels avev tcov ttoXltlkwv 
Bwapuecov avvr^Orjaav ■ y^pr\p,aTwv Be bcroov i)Bvvi\6rjv 
eyco 7r\ecaT7]v avvTeXetav eiroL^cra. 



78 AHM029EN0Y2 

233 El Be Xeyets rj ra irpo^ @r]{3aL0v<; h'ucaia, Ala%ivrj, 
7] ra irpos Bv£avriov<> tj ra 77-009 Ev/3oe'a$, rj irepl twv 
crrcov vvvl BuaXeyrj, irpwrov fiev ayvoels ore real irpoTepov 
twv virep twv 'EXXrpwv etcelvcov aywvLaa/xevwv Tpir\- 
pwv, TpiaKoatwv ovawv twv iraawv, t<x? BiaKoatas r) 
7ro\t? irapeayeTo, kcu ovk eXaTTovaQai vofii^ovaa ovBe 
Kptvovaa tovs tclvtcl av/j,{3ovXevaavTas ovBe ayava- 
KTOvcra €7rl tovtols ewpaTO, aiaypov yap, aXXd to?? 
Oeols eyovaa yapiv, ei kolvov klvBvvov toI? ' EXXrjat, 
TrepLcrravTos avrrj BiTrXaata twv aXXwv a? ttjv diravrwv 

239 awTrjptav irapeayeTO. EWa /cevas ye yapi^r) yj.LpiTa<$ 
tovtoloI crvfcocfjavTWv epue. Ti yap vvv Xeyeis ola ej/prjv 3D! 
7rpaTT€LV, aXX ov tot wv ev rrj iroXei Kau irapw TavT 
eypacpes, earep eveBeyero nrapa tovs irapovra^ K/iipovs, 

ev ot? ov% baa rj{3ovXo/jLeda, aXX baa Bolt) Ta Trpay/maT 
eoet, Beyea6at • 6 yap avTwvov/xevos Kai Tayy tovs Trap* 
TjpLwv direXavvopLevovt; TrpoaBe^ojievo^ /cat ypij/iaTa 
TTpoaQr\awv vTrr\pyev erot/zo9. 

240 AXX et vvv eiri Tot? TTeirpayfievot^ KarrjyopLas e%w, 
tl av oieaOe, ei tot e/iov Trepi. tovtwv a/cpif3o\oyov/j,e- 
vov dirrfkOov ai iroXeis Kai irpoaeQevTO ^lXlttttw, teat 
d\ia Evfiolas Kai Orjfiwv kclL BvfavTiov Kvpios Karearr) 
— rl irotelv av t) tl Xeyeiv tovs aaeftels avOpwirov? 

21 1 rovToval ; Ov% a>? e^eBoOrjaav ; Ov% a>? airrfKadrj- 
aav /3ov\d/jievoL fied rjjjiwv elvai ; Eur a tov fiev EX- 
XrjairovTov Bid Bv^avTiwv eyrcpaTT]^ KaOeaTrjKe Kai tt}<$ 

GlTOTTOpSTTLaS TT\^ TWV ' EXX^VWV KVpiOS, 7ToXe/XO? 8 



IIEPI TOY 2TE*AN0Y. 



bfjbopos Kcti (3apv<; et? ti]v ^ Attiki]v Sea Or){3aicov rce/co- 
{Ucttcil, airXovs o° rj 6uXarra vtto tcov e/c ttjs Evftola? 
oppbcofxevcov Xtjcttcov yeyovev ; Uv/c av ravr eXeyov 
icai iroKKa ye Trpos tovtoi? ere pa ; TlovrjpoVy cu avSpes 212 
AOrjvalot, irovrjpop 6 au/co(pavT7]<; aei icai iravraypOev 
(BaaKavov teal cpiXatTtov ' tovto Se real epveret KivaSo? 
Tavupcoiriov eartv, ovoev e£ «/>X 7 7? vyies 7re7roLr}KO<; ovo 
eXevOepov, avTOTpaytfco? irldrjicos, apovpalo? OuvofMaos, 
Trapdo-rjfios pr]Tcop. Tl yap r) ar) heivoTrjs et? ovrjcrtv 
r\K.ei rrj irarplBi, ; Nvv rj/xlv Xeyets irepl tcov irapeXr]- 213 
XvOotcov ; ' florirep av el rt? tarpon aaQevovai puev rot? 
Kapuvovatv eicricov fir) Xeyoi, fiySe Set/cvvoc So cov a7rocj)ev- 
30- ^ovrai rr)v voaov, eireiZr) Se TeXevTi)aeie rt? avTcov /cal 
ra vofiL^ofieva avTco cpepoiTO, aicoXovOcov eiri to pLvrj/LLa 
Sie^toi, eo to Kai to eTTOirjcrev avOpcoiros ovto- 
ctl, ov/c av aired avev. Eja/3povTr]Te, elra vvv \e- 
yets ; 

Ov Toivvv ovSe ttjv rjTTav (et TavTT) yavpias ecfr 77 2<a 
CTevetv ere co KaTapaTe 7rpocrr]rcevJ, ev ovoevc tcov irap 
ep,ov yeyovvlav evpr\aeTe ttj iroXei. Ovtcocjl &e Xoyu- 
^eaOe. Ovhapuov ttcottoO , ottoi 7rpecrj3evTr)<; eireficf)6i]v 
vcf> v/xcov eyco, r/TTr)6eh airrjXdov tcov irapd ^lXlttttov 
irpecrftecov, ov/c etc QeTTaXtas, ou/c e£ * ApL(3paKia<$, ov/c 
e£ IXXvptcov, ov nrapa tcov Opa/ccov ftacnXe'cov, ovk etc 
Bv^avTcou, ovk aXXodev ovSa/xodev, ov tci TeXevTala etc 
Gqftcov, aXX ev ot? KpaTrjOelev ol 7rpecr/3et9 avTOv tco 
\oyco, TavTa to2$ o7rXoi<$ eirtcov /caTecrTpecpeTO. TavT 2-J& 



80 AHMO20ENOY2 

ow arraireis Trap €jjlov, Kai ovk aiayyvei rov clvtov ei$ 
re ficCkaiaav aK^irrcov Kal rrjs ^iXittttov BwdpLeco*; 
a^iwv eva bvra Kpeirrco yeveaOai ; Kal ravra rot? 
Xoyois ; Twos jap aXkov Kvpios r/v eyed ; Ov yap 
rrj? ye eKao-Tov ^vyf}?, ovBe rrjs rvyr]<; rcov irapara^a- 
/nevcov, ovBe rrj? .arparrjyias, ^? epu aTrairels ev6vva<s • 

216 ovrco aKaio^ ei. AWa p,r]v cov y av o prjTcop virev- 
Ovvos eir\ iraaav e^eraaiv \d{i{3av€ • ov Trapairovpuau 
Tiva ovv earl ravra ; 'IBeiv rd Trpdypuara apyopueva 
Kf jrpoaiaOeaOai /cat, irpoeiirelv rot? a\Xoi,$. Tavra 
rreir pater al fioc. Kal en ra? eKaarayov jSpaBvrrjras, 
6/cvovs, ayvoias, (j>i\oveiKia<;, a TrdXirucd Tea? rroXeai 30S 
irpoaeariv drraaais Kal avay/caia dpuaprrjpiara, rav&* a>9 
et? eXayiara avare2\ai, icai rovvavriov et? ofiovoiav icai 
(j>i\iav Kal rov ra Beovra iroielv bpp,r\v irporpe-^rai, 
Kai ravra puoi iravra TreiroLrjrai, Kai ovBeis p,r]TroQ 
evpr) ro Kar epie ovBev eWei(j)6ev. 

U~ Ei roivvv ns epoiro ovrivovv, rial ra TrXecara <&i- 
Xittttos wv Kareirpa^e BiojK-qaaro, iravres av euroiev, rat 
arparoireBo) Kai roo BiBovai Kai BiatyOeipeiv 
rovs eirl rwv irpay /larcop. Ovkovv rcov /mev Svva- 
puecov ovre Kvpios ov6 rjyepuov rjv eyco, ware ovB 6 
\oyo$ rcov Kara ravra irpayOevrcov irpos e/xe. Kal 
/nrjv rep ye pui) BiacpOaprjvai ypr^aai KeKparTjKa QiXitt- 
ttov • coaTrep yap 6 eovovpuevos veviKf)Ke rov Xafiovra, 
eav Trpirjrai, our&)? o pur] \aJ3cov pnqBe Biacf>0apei$ vevi- 
KTjKe rov covovpievov. 'flare ar\rrr\ro^ rj ito\i<s ro Kar 
eue. 



nEPI TOY 2TE$AN0Y. 81 

*A fjukv rolvvv eyw irapea^ofiyv et? to Bacaiays roiavra 248 
ypdcpeiv rovrovl irepi efiov, irpo<; ttoWois erepois ravra 
teal irapairXriaia tovtol? ecrriv ■ a B 01 iravre^ vfjuels, 
ravr rjSr] \e^a). Mera yap ri]V f^a^qv evOvs o Brjfios, 
€lBcd$ teal ecopa/ccos iravra baa eirparrov eya), ev avrols 
to?? Sewols fcal <£o/3epot? e/x/3e/3?7/<:co?, fjvitc ovB .iyvw- 
fiovrjaat n dav/juaaiov r\v rov<; ttoWovs irpo^ e/xe, rrpo)- 
rov fiev rrepu acoTTjpias t?;? 7roXeo)? ras e/^a? yvco/jLa<; 
e^ecpordvec, Ka\ irdvO' oaa rfjs (frvkatcfjs evetca eirpdr- 
310 rero, rj Btara^ts rwv (frvXatccov, ao ra<ppoc, ra €t? Ta 
T6L X^ %P 7 \l ia ' Ta > ^ ta T ^ v t^MV T\rri(f)io- fiaTcov eyiyvero * 
€7T€l0 alpovfievos aircovrjv etc iravrwv efie eyeiporovr\aev 
6 Br)/io<;. Kat fjuerd ravra avaravrcov oh rjv €7T^eXe? 249 
tea/coos e/ie rroieiv, ical ypacpds, evOvvas, etaayyeXta?, 
rravra ravr eirayovrcov fioc, ov Be eavroov to ye irpoorov, 
aXkd oY tov /jLctXccrd' vireXafjuftavov ayvor]aea6ai, (lare 
yap BrjiTov tcac /jLe/Avr]a6e ore tou? Trpwrovs %pdvov$ 
Kara rrjv rjfiepav e/caarrjv e/cpivo/ji^v eya>, teal ovr airo- 
voia Xwauckeovs ovre avtcofyavna <Pi\o/cpdrov$ ovre 
AlwvBov teat MeXavrov fiavla ovr aX)C ovBev airelparov 
tjv rovrois tear e/xou), ev rolvvv rovroi^ rraai juaXcara 
jjuev Bia rov<; deovs, Bevrepov Be Bi vfia^ real rov<; ciWovs 
AOrjvaiov? eaco^o/jL7]v. Aitcaiw rovro yap teal a\r)0e'<; 
eari teal virep rcov opLcofioKorcov teal yvdvrojv ra evoptca 
Bitcaarwv. 

Ov/covv ev fiev ot? eio-7}yye\\ofJur]V s or airetyrifyL^eaOi >±ja 
fiov Kai ro fiepos rwv yjrrjcfycov rois Bccotcovaiv ov fiere- 



82 AHMOSGENOY2 

&l$ot€, tot €-yJrr](f)L^ea06 to, apiaTa pte irpaTTetv • ev o?<? 
Be to-9 ypacjxis airec^evyov, evvo/ia koll ypdcpetv kcu 
Xeyetv aTrehetKVvpirjv • ev oh Be to.? evOvvas eirea^jjiai- 
veaOe, Bticaicos teat aBcopoSotc^Tcos iravTa TTeirpa-^Oai fxot, 
irpocrcofioXoyelTe. Tovtcov ovv ovtcqs e-^ovTcov, tl irpoa- 
rj/cev 7] ti Stfcatov r}v Toh vtt e/xov ireTTpayptevots 
QecrQat tov K.T7]cri<ficovTa bvofia ; O v X ^ T0V ^ > Vf jL0V 
ccopa TtOe/xevov, ov% b tovs optcopLOicoTas BtKaaTa^, ov% 
b tj]v aXrfietav irapa iracn fieftaiovaav ; 

2o1 Nat, (pqcriv, aXXa to tov KecfcaXov /caXov, to fir^Be- 
fuav ypacj>r)v (fivyelv. Kat vrj At evSat/iov ye. 'AXXo. 3i 
tl ptaXXov 6 7roWafa<? p,ev cpvycov, fi^BeircoTTOTe 8' efe 
Xey^Oels aBt/ccov ev eytcXriptaTi yiyvoiT av Bta tovtl 
Bi/catcos ; Kclltoi 7T/30? ye tovtov, avSpe? ' 'AOijvalot, 
Kat to tov KecbaXov /caXov enretv ecrTt /not • ovBeutav 
yap ttcottot eypa-^raTo fie ovB eStco^e ypacfirjv, coaTe 
vtto gov ye copLoXoyrjpLai firjBev elvai tov KecbaXov 
yetpcov itoXitt]^. 

252 UoXka-yoOev fxev tolvvv av tl$ tBot tt]v ayvco/xoavvrjv 
avTov Kai T/]v pacncavtav, ov% r t icicTTa o a<p cov irepi 
TY)<s Tvyji^ BteXe^Orj. Eyco S' 6\g>? ptev, oo~ti<; avQpco-. 
7TO? cov avupcoircp tv^t]v Trpocpepet, avor)Tov rjyovfiai ■ 
tjv yap 6 (3eXTLGTa irpaTTetv vopii^cov icai aptaTrjv eyetv 
olofievos, ov/c olBev et ptevet TotavTr) fie'xpt tt}? ecnrepa?, 
7T&)? yj)K] irepi TavTrjs Xeyetv r) 7rco? ovetBt^etv eTepco ; 
EireiEr] h ovtos 7rpo? TroXXols aXXots Kat irepi tovtcov 
V7repr)cf)avcos ^prJTai tco Xoyco, GKe-^raaO , co avSpes 



nEPITOY2TE0>ANOY. 83 

AdijvaloL, Kal 6ecopr\aaTe oaco teal oXt]6 ecrrepov Kal 
avQ pcoirivcoTepov eyco 7T€pl T179 tv^ti^ toutov BtaXe^Orj- 
aojjLCLL. 'Eyco tj)v fiev T179 TroXecos Tvyr\v ayaOijV ijyov- 253 
pat, Kal rav0' opco kcu tov Ala tov AcoBcovalov rj/xlv 
Kai tov AttoXXco tov UvOlov fiavTevofMevov ■ ti)v /xevToc 
tcov iravTcov avOpcoircov, tj vvv eire^ei, yaXeiri]v /cal 
Beivr t v • Tt? ycip 'EXXijvcov r) t/? fBapfiapcov ou itoXXcov 

5 „ / / rr ,\ \ / 

KaKcov ev tco irapovTi ireiretpaTat ; 10 fiev tolvvv 254 
irpoeXeadat Ta KaXXco~Ta /cal to tcov oirjOevTcov 'EXXi)- 
vcov, €L irpoeivTO rj/xas, ev evBaifiovta Bia^etv, toutcov 
avTcov afietvov 7rpaTT€iv Trjs ayaOrjs TV)/r)<; T779 7roXeo)? 
elvat TidrjfiL • to Be irpocncpovo-ai Kai fir] iravQ o>9 
312 rjftovXofieO' ij/jlov av[xl3rjvai, -7-779 tcov ciXXcov avOpcoircov 
fy^7/? to e7ri{3a\\ov ccfr ///xa9 fiepos fieTetXrjcpevai vo- 

fll^CO T1]V TToXlV. Tl]V B iBtaV TV^TjV Tt/V efJLTfV Kal T7]V 255 

eVo9 r/ficov eKacfTov ev TOt9 iBiois e^eTui^eiv Bctcaiov elvat 
vofitCro. Eyco fiev ovtcogl ire pi T779 tu%7)<; a^cco, op6co$ 
Kat Bt/catco^, &)9 efiavTco Bokco, vofja^co Be Kau vficv • 6 Be 
ttjv iBiav Tvyi)v tx\v efirjv ttjs kolvtjs T779 7roA.ea>9 Kvpico- 
Tepav elvai (prjai, tj\v fiiKpciv Kau cpavXrjv T779 ayaOrj^ 
Kal fieyaXrjs. Kat ttcos evi tovto yeveaOat ; 

Kau fxi]v el ye Tt)V efii]v tv^tjv iravTws e%€Ta£eiv, 2*« 
Aioyjivt], irpoaipet, irpos tv\v cravTOV atcoirei, Kav evpr^ 
Tt)v €fjLi]v /3e\TLco tt)<$ 0-779, iravaai XocBopovfievos avTjj. 
XicoTrei tolvvv evOvs e£ ^p%^9. Kai fiov irpo? Aio? 
/i7]Be/jbtav -^rv^poTT]Ta KaTayvco firjBet^. Eyco yap oi)T 
ei Tt9 Trevtav TrpoTvqXaiciL.ei, vow e^ecv ^yov^ai, ovt et, 



84 AHMO20ENOY2 

Tt? ev acfiOovocs Tpacfceis eiri tovtoj aefivvveraL • aX\ 

V7T0 T?7? TOVTOVL TOV ^aXeiTOl) /3Xa(T(f>7]pLLa<; fCCll CTVKO- 

(fravTias et? tolqvtov? Xoyovs efjariirTeiv dvayfcd^o/Liai, 
ot? etc tcov evovTcov co? av Bwcopuai, /lerpLcorara xprj- 
aoficu. 

257 EflOL fjieV TOIVVV V7Tr)p^6V, Ai(T^lV7}, TTaiBl /jL€V DVTl 

<pOLTav et? ra 7rQOGT)K.ovTa BiBacrfcaXela, tcau eyea baa 
Xpr] tov pyBev alo"xpov iroi^aovra Bl evBsiav e^eXOovTO 
Be ejf, TralBcov dicoXovQa tovtols irparreiv, ^oprjyelv, 
Tpi7]pap"^elv, elacpepeiv, pajBepaa^ cjuXoTipbias p<rfre iBia<$ 
p,7]T€ Srjfioacas airoXetirecrOai, aXXa tcac rrj TroXec koll 
701$ (f)i\oL$ xp^crifjLov elvai • e7rei,Bt] Be irpos ia kolvci 
rrpoaeXOelv eBo^e piot, rocavra TroXirevfLara eXeaOai 
cocrTe tcai viro ttj's irarptBo^ kcli vtt aXXcov EXXtjvcov 313 
ttoXXwv 7roXXdfas eo-TecfiavucrOaL, kcll prjBe rou? e^Opovs 
vfias co? ov kclXcl y rjv a TTpoeCKop,r\v eirv^ecpelv Xeyeiv. 

258 '.Eyco puev Br] roiavrT) avpLftefiLco/ca Tv%r), fcai ttoXTJ av 
eywv erep elirelv 7repl avTrjs TrapaXetTrco, cf)vXaTTopLevo$ 
to Xv7n]o~ai tivcl ev ot? crepivvvofiac. 

%v B\ 6 o~epLvo<; avrjp icai Blcltttvwv tov<$ aXXovs, 
GKOirei Trpo? TavTrjv iroca tlvl fce'xprjo-cu Tvyy Bl rjv 
7TCU? fiev o)V pbeTOL TroXXrjs evBetas er^ac/)???, dpua rco 
vraTpi 7rpo? tcd BcBacrKaXecq) TrpocreBpevcov, to pueXav 
TpifScov kcli tcl ftadpa airoyyi^wv fcau to iraiBaywyelov 
Kopwv, oikItov to^iv, ovk eXevOepov ircuBos e^/cov ■ dvr)p 

259 Be yevop,evo<s Trj pLrjTpl TeXovarj to.? /3t/3Xou? dveyiyva)- 
evee? /ecu TaXXa o~vveo~fcevcopov, ttjv fiev vvktcl veftpcfav 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 85 

kcu Kparripc^wv kcu KaOaipcov tovs reXov/jLevovs /ecu 

UTTOflUTTCOV TCp 7T7]\u) KOI TOL<Z TTlTVpOLS, KCU UVL(TTa<$ (1770 

tov KaOapfjiov KeXevwv Xeyeiv ecfivyov tca/cov, evpov 
a pie lvov, eiri tco pu^Seva irtoiroTe ttjXlkovt oXoXv^ai 
ae/jLVvvo/LLevos, (kcu eycuye vopu^to • par) yap oteaO avrov 
cpQeyyecrdai, fiev ovtco p<eya, oXoXv^eiv 8 ovy^ virlp- 
Xapurpov,) ev Be Tat? rj/juepcu? tou? kclXovs Ouiaovs aycov zv 
Bui tcov 6&cov, tol>? eaT€cf>avcopLevov<? tw puapaOco kcu rf) 
XevKy, tou? ocpecs tou? irapeia^ 6Xt(3cov kcu virep. t^? 
K€(j)aXrj<; aicopcov, kcu (Socov evol crafiol, kcu eirop^ov- 
fjbevos u?79 O.TT77? aTT7)<; u?7?, e^ap^o^ kcu irporjye- 

314 flCOV KCU KlCTTOCpOpOS KCU XtKVOCpOpOS KCU TOIOLVTCL V7T0 

tcov ypahlcov Trpoorayopevopuevos, pua&bv \afi/3avcov tov- 

TCOV evOpUTTTd KCU CTTpeiTTOVS KCU V€7}XaTCl ' €(f) of? t/«? 

ovtc av w? aXrj6co<; clxjtov evhaipuov terete kcu ttjv avrov 
rvxnv ; 

'Eireihri S' et<$ tou? $r)p,0Ta<; eveypacfir]? oircocrhr^roTe 261 
(eco yap tovto), eiretSr] 8 ovv eveypdepr]*;, evOe'cos to 
kuXXlcttov e^eXetjco tcov epycov, ypapp^arevetv Kai vttt]- 
peTelv to2<; ap^tBtots. Us 8 aTrrjXXayrjs ttote kcu 
tovtou, iravO a tcov aXXcov KaT7]yopet<; avTos iroii)aa<;, 
oxj KaTjja^yva^ pea At ovhev tcov 7rpovirr\pyyLevcov tco 263 
pueTci TavTa fitcp, aXXa pttcrOcocras clvtov Tot? /3apvcrTo- 
vots eiriKaXovpLevois eKetvots viroKptTais, XtpvXco kcu 
XcoKpaTet, eTpiT aycov taTets, crvKa Kau fioTpvs koi eXaas 
avXXeycov coenrep oircopcovq^ ek tcov aXXoTptcov ^coptcov, 
irXeico XaptfBdvcov airo tovtcov ?/ tcov aycovcov, ovs v/iel? 
8 



86 AHM02GEN0Y2 

irepl TYp tyvyrj? rjyasvl^ecrde • rjv yap acnrov8o$ kcli 
afcrjpvKTOS vp.lv irpo<$ tov<z 6 ear as rroXe/ios, vcf> cop 
7roWa rpavfiar eL\rjcpco<; euKorcos tovs aireipovs rcov 

2G3 tolovtcov cos 8et\ovs aKcoirrets. AXka yap irapets cov 
tt]v rrevtav auriacraiT av tls, rrpos avra ra rov Tpoirov 
gov /3a$cov/jLac Kaiiqyopr^aTa. Totavrrjv yap eiXov 
TroXiTecav, eTrethr] rrore /cat tovt €7rrj\6e crot Trotr/crai, 
8l t)v evrv)(ov(T7]^ [iev rrjs 7rarpi8o<; Xayco fitov etyjs, 
8e8ico<; fcac rpepicov koL ael 7r\7]yrjaea0at 7rp-oa8oKcov e<f) 
ot? aaurco avvrjoeis aoi/covvrc, ev ot? o rjTv^aav 01 

*64 aWoi, Opaavs cov v<p diravrcov co-^rai. Katroo bcrrts 
%i\udv ttoXltcov airoOavovrcov eOapprjcre, re ovtos iraOelv 

V7T0 TCOV ^COVTCOV hltCCLLOS eCTTlV ', HoWa TOLVVV €T€p 3?5 

zlireiv e^cov irepl avrov irapaXei^co • ov yap ocr av 
8ei(jai/xt irpoaovi aua^pa tovtco Kai ovet8r\, iravr ol/iat 
8e?v ev^epcos \eyetv, aXK oaa firjSev aia^pov earup 
einreiv epLQL. 

265 E^eraaov rotvvv Trap aWrfka ra croi /cafjtol f3e/3tco- 
fieva, irpacos Kai jul7] iriKpcos, Aicryj,vr\ ■ eir epcorr^aov 
Tovrovcrc, T7]v Trorepov rvyrjp av e\oc9 exacrTos avrcop. 

ESiSacrKes ypafifiara, eyco 8 ecpocrcop. EreXets, eyco 
o ereXoufiTjv. 'E^opeves, eyco S' eyop^yovv. 'Eypa/ju- 
fiareves, eyco 8 rjfCKXijcrta^ov. Et per ay cov carets, eyco 
S' eOecopovv. EgemvrTe?, eyco 8 eavpiiTov. 'Tirep 
tcov eyOpcov ireiroXtTevaai irdvra, eyco 8' vTrep rrjs 

266 Trarpi8os. Eco raXXa, aXXa vvvi TTjfiepov eyco fjuev 
irrrep rov arecjiavcoOrjvai, 8ofcc/jLa^o/iac } to 8e [irj8' otlovv 



nEPI TOY 2TE«i>ANOY. 87 

aSiKclv avco/jLoXoyri/jLaL, <roi he auKoepdvTT) fiev elvai 
Sofcelv uirupyei, Kivhuveueis he eore hel a ert tovto 
TTOiecv, ecr i)hr) TreiravaOat pa] fxeroXa^ovra to [Ve//,- 
7ttov~\ [ie'po<; tcov ijrrjcfioov. ' 'AyaOrj ye (ov% opas ;) tv^tj 
o-vfjLfieftiayiccos tyjs epurj^ [w? cpauXr]<;~\ KaTrjyopel^. 

<Pepe hr] kcli Ta? tccv XetTOupytcov fiapTvpias tov Xe- 267 
Xecroupyrj/ca upuv avayvco ' Trap a? Trapavayvcouc icat, 
<jv /jlol Ta? prpeis a<? eXupn]Vw, 

H/CQ) XC7T(OV KevOfJLWVa KCLL CT/COTOV TTvXcL? 
KCLI 

Kdfcayyekeiv pbev \<jQl pa] OeXovTa fie, 
teat /ca/cov Ara/ttt)? ae fiaKiara fiev ol ueot, eirena ovroi 
irdvres airoXeaetav irovrjpov bvra kcu ttoXcttjv kcu Tpi- 

TayMVLGTT)V. 

Aeye ra<; fiapTvpias. 

MAPTTPIAL 

*Ev fiev TOIVVV TOt? TTpOS TJ]V TToXlV TOLOUTOS ' Iv he 263 

516 rot? locoes ei firj Travres tare on kolvos kcu cpLXavupco- 
7TO? kcli Tot9 heopuevoc; eirapKcov, o-lcottco kcu ouhev CLV 
eiiroipa ouoe irapaayoLpirjv irepi toutcov ouoepuav pLaprv- 
piav, out et Ttvas eK twv TroXepuwv eXvaapa]i>, out ec 
tllti OuyaTepas auve^ehcoKa, oirre tcov tolovtcov ouhev. 
Kcu ydp outco irco? uTreiXrjcpa. Eyco vopu^co ^ov fiev 2fiS 
eu TraQovTa helv fiep^vrjaOai top wavTa ^povov, tov he 
TTOiriaavTa eu0u$ eirikeXrjaOcu, ei Sec top fiev ^p-qaTou 
tov he pLrj puKpo^ru^ou Troielv epyov avPpwirou. To Be 



88 AHM029EN0Y2 

t«5 lBlcls evepyeaia^ vTrofiL/xv^crKeLV kcu Xeyetv fMKpov 
Belv 6/j.olov earc rco ov€lBl^€LV. Ov Br] iroiriaw tolovtov 
ovBev, ovBe TrpoayOr\o-opLaL, aW onccs ttoO vireikrj[i[JLa(, 
irept tovtcov, ap/cet fioi. 
2"n Bov\o/jlcu Be tcov lBlwv cnraXkayeLs en fMtcpa rrrpos 
t//xa? enrelv Trepi tcov kolvcov. El /xev yap e^ei?, 
Alo-%lv7], tcov vtto tovtov tov rfKiov elirecv dvOpcoircov 

6<7Ti? a6cOO<$ T?}? ^CkiTTTTOV 7TpOT€pOV KCU VVV TTjS ' A\e~ 

^avBpov Bwacnelas yeyovev, r) tcov t EXkr l vcev 7) tcov 
/3ap/3apcov, earco, avy^copco a 01 ttjv efirjv, elre tv^tjv 
eure Bvcrrv^tav ovo/xa^eLV fiovXei,, irdvTcov alrcav yeye- 

27i vrjaOai. El Be koli tcov pa^BeTT cottot lBovtcov e/xe pLrjBe 
(p(0V7]v ukvkootcov e/jiov iroWol 7ro\\a kcu Beivd ireirov- 
6aai, fir] fiovov kclt avBpa aXka kcu TroXeis b\ai teal 
eOvr), TToaco BiKaidrepov Kau 0X7)6 earepov Ti)v dnravTcov, 
ct>? eoiKev, avOpcoircov Tv^rjv kolvt)V Kav (popup tivcl 
nrpaypLaTcov ycCkeirr)V kcu ov% olav eBet tovtcov aiTiav 

272 rjyelcrOaL. Xv tolvvv tclvt expel? epue tov irapa rov- 
Total TreiroXiTev jievov aiTta, kccl tclvt eLbcos otl, kczl eL 
fir) to o\ov, nepos y e7TL/3aWeL ttJ? ftXacrcfirjfjLLas airacri, 31: 
kcu /jlciXlo-tcl aoL El pLev yap eyco kclt efiavTov civto- 
KpaToop (ov irepL tcov Trpay/JLaTcov e/3ov\evofir)v, i)v \v 

'ZTi TOO? aXk0L<$ pr\TOp(TLV V/jlIv €pLe CLLTLCLCrOaL ' €1 Be TTapTjTe 

\ J rs 5 ,. / t / 3/5 ~ ~x v 

fiev ev rcu? eKK\7]crLCLL$ airacraLS aeL, ev kolvco be to 
avpLcbepov r) tto\l<$ 7rpovTL0eL aKOirelv, ttclctl Be tclvt 
eBoKeL tot apLCTT eivciL, kcll [ia\L(JTa o~OL, {ov yap eir 
evvolcL y ejnol Trape-^copeLS eXiriBcov kol Q]Xov kcu tijicov, 



II E P I T O Y 2 T E * A N O Y. 89 

a Truvra Tcpoavp tcu? rore izpaTTOptevot^ vir €/jlov, aXXa 
tt}<; aXiiOeta^ r yrr w fievos SijXovoTt Kat tw fxiihev e-^etv 
ettrelv fieXTtov,) 7ra>? ovk aSiKels Kat Setva Trotets tovtols 
vvv tjKaXayv cov tot ovk et%e? Xeyetv fteXTta) ; 

TLapa /lev tolvvv Tot? aXXots eycoy opco irdatv 274 
avOpodiroLS Btcopta/xeva kcll TeTayptdva 7r&>? tcl toicivtcl. 
ASitcel Ti? e/ccov • opyqv Kat Tt\±w>piav kcith tovtlv. 
E£jip,apT6 Tt? clkcov ' avyyvcofiTjv avTL rrj? Ttptcopt-x': 
tovtw. Out aStKcov tls out e^apLapTavoov et? tcl Tract 
SofcovvTa avjA(f)€p€iv eavTOV Sovs ov KCLTcopOayae pueO 
(Ittuvtcov • ovk ovetht^etv ov8e XotSopelo-Qat tw tolovtlo 
hiKcitov, aXXa avva-^OeaOat. '<J?avr]o-€Tat tclvtci nravra 275 
ovtws ov fiovov ev to2<; vofMpLOis, aXXa Kat rj (pvats 
avTi-j rot? aypafyots vo/jlol? Kat Tot? avdpwirtvot^ rjOecrt 
StcoptKev. Aia^ivr]^ tolvvv togovtov vTTepfteftXrjKev 
aTravTds avOpwirov? w/jlottitl Kat crvKocpavTia, cogts 
koi a)v auTO? &>? aTV^TjfxaTcov e/ie/jLvr)TO, Kat tclvt eptov 
KCLTi]yopel. 

Kai Trpos to2<? aXXots, aycnrep avTos «7r\<y? Kat fxeT 276 
evvolas 7ravTa<s etprjKcos tou? Xoyovs, (pvXaTTetv e/ze Kal 
i Trjpeiv eKeXevev, cttci)? fXTj nrapaKpovGopbat fivS e^arra- 
t^gco, Setvov Kal yoiiTa kcli GO(ptGT)]V koI tci tqlclvt 
hvofiu^tov, &>?, eav irpoTepo? T£? eury tu nrpooovO^ eai/rrp 
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iKOvovTas o-Keyp~op,evov<; ti$ ttot avTos egtlv 6 TavTa 
\eywv. Eya) S olB l)Tt ytyvc±>GK6T€ tovtov a-rravTSS, 
Kat rroXv tovtv) juaXXov ?; epoi vo/lll^€T€ ravra ir poo-el- 
8* 



90 AHM029EN0Y2 

2~7 vai. Ka/celvo B ev olB , ore rr/v e/irjv BetvoTrjTa — — 
earco yap • (kclltoi eycoy opco Tr}$ twv XeyovTcov Bvva- 
fiecos tovs clkovovtcls to irXeccrTOV fevpeovs • co? yap av 
v/iels airo8e%r)cr6e teat irpos eKaarov ex 7 )" 7 evvota?, ovtw? 
6 Xeycov eBo^e (ppovelvj. El B ovv eart icai irap efiot 
Tt? epareipca TOLavTi), ravirjv fiev evpi^eTe iravTes ev 
T06? KOLVoi? e^era&fievTjv virep vficov aei /cat ov.haj.iou 
Ka6* vficov ovB* lBIcl • rrjv Be tovtov TovvavTiov, ov 
fxovov ra> XeyeLV virep tcov e^Opoiv, a^u fcai eo tls 
eXvirrjae tl tovtov r) irpocrefcpovae ttov, rcaTa tovtcov. 
Ov yap avTT) BtKaLcos, ovB ecj) a o-vfupepei ttj iroXeL, 

278 xprJTai,. Ovt€ yap tt)v* opyr)v ovt€ ttjv e-^Opav ovt 
aXXo ovBev tcov tolovtcov tov fcaXov /cayadov itoXlttjv 
Bel tovs virep tcov kolvcov eoaeXr/XvOoTa^ BiKaaTai a^covv 
avTco /3e/3aiovv, ovB virep tovto)v et? vfias etacevai, 
aXXd /jboXioTa puev fir) eyeiv TavT ev ttj cfsvcrei, eu S' 
dp avdytcrj, irpdcos kcu fieTpLcos BiatceLfiev e^etv. 

'Ev tlgiv ovv crcpoBpov elvai tov iroXtTevofievov Kai 
tov prjTopa Be? ; Ev ot? tcov oXcov tl tavBvveveTai 777 
iroXec, Kau ev ot? irpos tovs evavTiov? eaTi toi Bi.jxcp, ev 
tovtois' TavTa yap yevvalov /cat ayaS'ov uoXltoi* 

279 MrjBevbs Be aBiK7]fiaTO<i iru)iroTe BrjfLocnov, irpccrOr^aco Be 31 
/ll7]8 lBlov, Blktjv a^LcocravTa Xafielv irap e/nov p.7,0' 
virep T/7? iroXecos firfi virep avTov, crTecpavov kcu eiral- 
vov /caTrjyoptav r)/c€LV crvvecrfcevacrpLevov, /cat tocjovtovctl 
Xoyovs avrjXcofcevai tBta^ e^Opa? icai cpOovov icai fiLtcpo- 
ylrvycas earl crrjfielov, ovBevbs xpriaTov. To Be Brj vat 



nEPl TOY STE*ANOY. 91 

tov<$ irpos efjLE avrov uyaovas eaaavra vvv cttu Tovh 
ijKecv iraaav e^et kclklolv. Kat /jlol So/cet? etc toutcdv, 2so 
Auryjivi), Xoycov eircBei^tv tlvcl /cat (ficovaOKias {SovXo- 
fj.€i>os 7roi7jaaa0at tovtov irpoeXeaOai tov aycova, ov/c 
aSt-KJi/jLaTos ovBevos Xaj3eiv TLfxaypcav. Eari h ov% 6 
Xoyos tov pijTopos, Aiayjivr], ti/juov, ovh 6 tovo$ rr}? 
(f>o)i>r)<;, aXXa to ravra irpoaipelaOat tch? ttoXXol? teal 
to tou? clutovs fJLLaeiv kcli cpiXecv ovairep av i) iraTpts. 
O yap ovtcos ^X 0)V T ^ v ' y r ry X 7 ^ Vi 0UT °S €7r ^uvolci ttclvt 2Si 
epel ' 6 h u(p dyv i) ttoXls TrpoopciTCU tivcl kcvSvvov 
eavTr), tovtovs Uepairevcov ovtc eiru rr;? avTrjs opfieu toi$ 
iroXXols, ovkovv ovBe T)7? aacpaXeias tt]v (ivtt]v e-^et 
irpoahoKtav. AXX\ opa? ; ' Eyco • tclvtci yap av/j,- 
(f>epov0 el\ofj,7]v tovtolcti, tccu cv&ev e^aipeTov ovh lSlov 
Treiroirjiiai. ' Ap ovv ovDe av ; Kat irco<; ; l O? ev- 232 
6eco$ [X€Ta Ti)V ^a\r\v irp^a^evTifi erropevov irpo? <fri- 

XiTTTTOV, 0? 7]V TCOV €V eJC€LVOLS TOt? ^pOVOL^ CTV/ULCpOpOJV 

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c/iTrpoaOe %povov TavTrjv Ti)V xpeiav, co? iravTe^i icra- 
au>. 

Kat-Tot. rt? o Tt]v ttoXlv e^airaTwv ; Ou^ o firj 
Xeycov a cppovel ; To) 8 6 Ki t pv^ KciTapaTai St/ca/o)? ; 
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92 AHM026EN0YS 

vttvov tcai \rfir\v airavras e^etv coar ov fiefivrjaOai 
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K.ai BiopLvvp,evo<$ fJLTjhev elvai croi Kai ^iXiTTircp 7rpayp,a, 
aAA €/jL6 ti]V aiTiav aot ravrrjv eirayeiv t^9 ideas ei>€/c 

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irpoaeirotov (piXiav kcli %evlav elvai aot irpo? avrov, 777 
fiiaOapvia tclvtcl pLeraTiOepLevos ra opo/xara • en iroias 
yap 1<T7]<; tj SiKaias irpo^acrews Aiayj^vr] to) TXavKoOea? 
rrjs TvpLiraviarpLas %evo<; rj cj)i\o<; ?/ yvo>pijJLo<s r/v &l- 
XnnTos ; Eyco p,ev ov% opco, aXX epaaOwOrj^ eirt tm 
ra tovtcovi avpcpepovra hiatyOeipeiv. AXX bpucog ovra) 
4>avepcos auro9 elXrjpLpevo? irpohoi^ Kai Kara cravrov 
pLr/vvrr]*; eiri roU avpb/3aai yeyovcos epbol XoiBopel Ka\ 
6v€lSl%€i<; Tain a, <hv iravras puaXXov air lows evprjoreis. 

t&5 JloXXa Kai KaXa rcai fieyaXa t] iroXis, AujyjLVi), tcai 
irpoeiXero /cat Karoo p 6 co ere Bi epiov, oov ovk rjpLvr)pLOV7)o~ev, 
Xrifielov Be ■ ^eiporovc^v yap 6 Brjpos rev epovvT eiri 
tols rereXevrrjKoo-i irap avra ra avp.j3avra ov ere eyei- 
porovrjcre TrpofiXrjOevra, Kaarep evepoovov ovra, ovBe Ar\- 
p.uBriv, apn ireiroirjKora ri]v eipr^rjp, ovB Hyjj/xova, 
cvB gXXov vp,oov ovBeva, aXX e/ie. Kai irapeXOovTO^ 
aov Kai UvOoKXeovs copLcos Kai avaiBcos, co Zev /cat 6eoi, 321 
Kai KarrjyopovvTcov epiov ravra a Kai av vvvl, Kai Xoi- 

tm hopovfievoov, er apueivov e^eiporovrjaev ep.e. To S' 
alnov ovk ayvoeis puev, bpLcos Be <ppacru> aoi Kayo). 
Apcporep rjoeaav avroi, rr t v t epn]v evvoiav Kai irpo- 



nEPI TOY 2TE$ANOY. 93 

BvfLLav, [i€0' 77? to, Trpdy/jbar errparrov, Kat ttjv vfiere- 
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yr\aare. Tous ovv eirl Tot? kocvols arv^fiaacu <bv 
ecppovovv XaftovTas aBecav e^Opov^ puev iraXac, cpavepovs 
Be T06' i)yr}aavTO clvtols yeyevrjaOat. Elra Kat irpoar]- 257 
K6iv viroXapbfiavovTes top epovvr eirc tols TereXevTrj/cccri 

KOI TT]V 6K6CVCOV ap€TT]V KOC^GOVTa jJilfi 6/X(t)pO(f)LOV 

fiT]6^ 6fioGTTov$oh yeyevr)aevov elvat rols irpos e/celvovs 
7rapa,Tai;a/jL€voi<; } pbr)8 e/cet fiev KwpLa^etv koc Traccovi^ecv 
eirl rai? roiv 'EXXiyvcov av/Mpopals puera rwv avToyelpwv 
rov (povov, 8evpo 8 eXOovra rifiacrOai, purj8e rrj (£>cov7J 

BafCpVetV V7T0KptV0pL€V0V TT)V €K€lV(OV TV%I}V, ClXXci Tjj 

tyvXV orvvaXyelu. Tovro 8 ecopcov irap eavrol? icai 
irap e/jLot, irapa o vpnv ov. nia raur epue e^ecpoTO- 
vqaav Kat ov% vp,a$. 

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clvtovs to irepiBeiirvov co? irap ouceioTarcp rwv rereXev- 
T7]kotg)V, Idairep raXX eccode ytyveaOat, tovt eirolr]- 
aav Trap epuoi. Elkotws • ye'vei, ptev yap e/caaTos 
etcao~T(p piaXXou oacelos r)v epiov, kolvtj 8e iraaiv ov8el$ 
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822 fiaXiara 8ie<f>epev, ovtos Kat iraOovrcov, a pur] ttot 
o)(f>eXov, tt}? vjrep airavTwv Xvitt]^ irXelarov pien elyev. 
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94 AHMO2 0ENOY2 

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kcll /jLiapov. A eye. 

EniTPAMMA. 

Otoe irarpa^ evetca cr^ereoa? et? BrjpLV eOevTO 
OttXcl, kcll avrnruXwv v(3pcv direaKehaaav. 

Mapvafjuevoi o° aperrjs kcll cWftaTO? ovk eadcoaav 
Wv%d<;, aX)C ' AtBrjV koivov € 9 euro (Spd(3r)v, 

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Tola Be 7rarpl<; eyeL koXttols tcov irXelcrTa KaptovTcov 

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wo'Akov£l<;, Alct^lvt), kcli ev avrcp tovtco cos to pLrjBev 
dfiaprelv ecrrL Oecov kcli iravra KCLTopOovv ; ov 
tco avpb/3ovXcp rrjv rov KaropOovv tovs aycovL&pLe'vovs 
ave6r t Ke Bvvap.LV, aXXa tols Oeols. Tl ovv, co Karapar, 
e/iLoc irepL tovtcov XoLBopel, kcll XeyeLS a croc kcli tols 
crols ol Oeol rpe'yjreLav et? KecfxiXrjv ; 

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vrdvTcov, otl tcov avpL(3ej3r]KOTCov tot6 TT) iroXeL pLvrjaOels 
ov-% cos av evvovs kcll Blkcllos ttoXlttjs eo~%e ttjv yvcopLTjv, 
ovB y eBaKpvcrev, cvB eiraOe tolovtov ovBev ttj yjrv^rj, 



nEPl TOY 2TE$AN0Y. 95 

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q)€to fiev efxov fcarrjyopelv BijXovotl, Bely/xa o e%€cf)€p€ 
kclO eavrov otl rots yeyevrj/jue'voLS avLapols ovBev o[iolco<; 
€&%€ tols clXXols. Kalrot, rov tcov vo/jlcov kcli rrjs iro- 2911 
XtTeta? (fraafcovra (ppovrt^eiv, coairep ol»to? vvvl, kcll €l 
fjLrjSev a\\o, tovto y €%€lv Bel, ravra XwrrelaOaL kcll 

TCLVTCL yjXLpeLV Tol<$ TToXXols, KCLL [IT] TTJ TrpOCLLpeaeL TCOV 
KOLVLOV €V TCp TCOV €VaVTLCOV [L€p€L T€TU^0aL. * O (TV 
VVVL 7T67rOL7]KCO^ €L (f)CLV€pO<;, €[l€ TTCLVTGJV CLITLOV KCLL Bl 

efie et? Trpay/ncLTCL cpacrKcov eyareaeLV rrjv ttoXlv, ovk airo 
rrjs e/jLr)<; 7ro\treta? ovBe TrpoaLpeaecos aptjctfievcov vficov 
tols r EWrjcTL j3o7]de2v. Ett€l e/xoLy €L tovto Bo0eir] 2J3 
Trap vficov, Bl e/xe u/xa? rjvavTLcoa0aL ttj kcltcl tcov 
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avfjuiracrcov cov rot? aXXoLS BeBcoKaTe. AXX ovt av 
eyco TavTa (prjcraL/jLL, uBlkolijv yap av v/jLCls, ovt av 
vfieis ev oIS' otl avy-^copricraLTe • ovtos t el BUaLa 

67T0L6L, OVK CLV €V€Ka TT}$ 7TpO? €[A€ 6%0pa<; TCI jieyLCTTa 

tcov v[i6T6pcov KaXcov eftXaiTTe /ecu $Le'/3aXXev. 

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ovk av €litol ; KaLTOL, vrj tov f HpaKXe'a kcll irdvTa? 
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96 A H M O 2 E N O Y 2 

e/ \ t I / » r / « U 

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TeXeSa/jLOs, Mvaaeas • HXecovs Ev^cOeos, KXeorLpLos, 

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ApidTparos, 'Eirvxafyqs • Kopivdiovs Aeivapyos, Arj- 

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ev reus avrcov Trarpiaiv cbvrrep ovtol Trap vpuv, dvOpco- 

ttoi puapol KaX AroXa/ce? kcll aXacrTopes, rjKpcoTTjpLaafievoL 

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rrjv B eXevOepLdv kcll to prjBeva eyeLV BearroTijv clvtcqv, 

a to?s* TTpoTepoL? "EXXtjctlv bpoL tccv uyaOccv rjaav kclI 

icavbves, avareTpacpoTe^. 

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EXXrjGt Suicp6apevTcov diravTcov, ap^afievcov airo crov, 
irporepov fiev xnro ^lXlitttov, vvv 8' vir AXe^wBpov, 
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not ireirpaKrat, icau fieyicrTcov Sr) irpay/iaicov tcov tear 
efxavrov avOpcoircov irpocrTas iravra ravra vyt.cos teat 
St/ca/o)? ireiroXtTevfiat. A La ravr a^ico TifidaQai. 

Tov Se Teiyicrfiov tovtov, ov av fiov Siecrvpes, teal tt)v 2f9 
racppelav a^ca fiev ^apiTO^ teat eiratvov Kpivco (Vw? yap 
ov ;) iroppco fievTOt, irov r .co? t/iavTco ireiroXiTevfievcov 
TiQe^ai. Ov XtOots eTeiyiva ttjv iro'Xiv ovSe irXtvOotq 
eyco, ovB eirc tovtol? fieyiaTov tcov e/xavrov eppovco • 
dXX eav tov €/jlov Teiyicrfiov j3ovXrj oiKaicos GKOirelv, 
evprjo-ets birXa Kai iroXeis Kai tottov; Kai Xifievas Kai 
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vovjjlcvov^. Tavra 7rpovpaXop,r)v eyco irpo rrjs Attlkt}^, 300 



98 AHMO20ENOY2 

bcrov rjv avOpcoTrcvw Xoyiafxa) Buvarov, kcli tovtois erei- 
Xicra tt]v ywpav, ovyi tov kvkXov tov IleLpaLax; ovBe 
tov CLGTeos. OvBe y r)TTr,dr)v eyco rol<? XoyLer/xols 4>t- 
\17r7rov, ttoXXov ye kcll Bel, ovBe tcus irapacrKevats:, aXX 
oi tcov avfJLjJba^wv tTTpamqyoi kcll at Buvafieis rrj Tvyjn. 
Tives at tovtcov aTro^et^e^ ; Evapyels Kal (pavepai. 
^KOiretTe Be. 
801 Tl yjpr]V tov evvovv iroXiTrjv irotelv, tl tov fi€Ta 
Traar]^ irpovoca^ kcll TrpoOupaa^ Kal Bc/ccuoo-wr)? virep 
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tt]v EvfioLav TrpoftaXe'crOao 'irpo ttj<? Attiktjs, £k Be Trj$ 
fieo~oyeia<; ttjv Bolg)tlclv, €k Be tcov 7TjOO? IleXoTropvrjcrov 

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Ta, tt]V UpoKovvrjaov, ttjv Xeppovrjaov, ttjv TeveBov, tcl 
B ottco? oiKela teat aufi/jLa^ virap^eu Trpa^at, to Bv^clv- 

TLOV, TTjV Aj3v8oV, TTjV EvftoiClV ,' Kdt, TCOV fJLeV TOt? 

e-)(6pols virapyovcrcov Bwajuecov tcl? fjueyicrTas acpeXelv, 
<ov S' eveXenre ttj nroXei, TavTa irpoaOelvaL ; 

303 TavTa tolvvv arrravTa ireirpaKTai toZ? e/xot? a^?;- 
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aKoirelv, opOcos evpr\aei kcu ireirpaypieva nraorj Blkclio- 
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OevTd ovBe irpoeOevTa vif e/jiov, ksll oaa a? eVo? avBpb* 



nEPl TOY 2TE$ANOY. 99 

Buvapuv tcai Xoyia/xov r)/cev, ovBev eX^ eccpSev. El Be rj 
Bac/iovos rivos tj Tv%r]<; la^vs r) arparyycov cpavXorr}^ 
rj rcov rrpoBcBovrcov ra<; rroXecs vjicov kcuclcl rj iravra 
327 ravra a/ia eXvLiatvero rols 0X01$, ew? averpe^jre, ri 
Ar)iAoa6evris aSi/cei ; El 6° otos eyco Trap vpilv Kara 304 
Ti)v e/iauTov rci^tv, eh ev e/caarr) rcov ' EXXrjvlBcov 
rroXecov avrjp eyevero, LiaXXov B ei eva avBpa ilovov 
©erraXia koi eva avBpa ApKaBua ravra eppovovvra 
€cr^ev e/xoc, ov&eis ovre rcov cjjco TlvXcov EXXijvcov ovre 
rcov euaco Tot? irapovai itaKois eKeyjpiqr av, aXXa rravres 306 
av ovre? eXeuOepoi teat avrovofiottfiera rraarj^ aBeias 
xacpaXcos ev evBaiLiovta Ta? iaurcov cokovv rrarptBa^, 
rcov toltovtcov Kol Toiourcov ayaOcov vluv icai Tot? aXXoc? 
AOrjvaitu? e^ovres %apw Bl ejne. ' Iva B etBrjre on 
TroXXcp to£? Xoyot<; eXarroat ^pcoLiat rcov epycov, evXa- 
fiouLievos rov <p6ovov, Xeye llol ravri tcai avayvcoOi 
Xa/3cov [rov aptO/iov rcov {3or)0eicov Kara ra e/xa -tyr)- 
cpicr/iara]. 

APIOMOZ BOHOEIflN. 

Tavra koi roiavra irpcirretv, Aio-yivr), rov fcaXov T06 
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rrjv our co ra it pay Liar a Kpivacrav • ov fia Al ovk 307 



100 AHM029EN0Y2 

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firjfcev evavTLQyfJ.a, rj aXXo tl BihtkoXov yeyove (jroXXa 
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povTwv OecreLS, rot? airoBeL^OelcrLV e^OpoLS evavrLco- 



HEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 101 

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102 AHMO20ENOY2 

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vvv eyco Kptvcofiat Kai Oecopcofiac ; MrjBa //,g?? * oine yap 
Bitcaiov ovt [gov, Alg^lvt}, aXXa irpos ae tca\ aXXov 
eo Tuva (3ovXei tcov TavTa croc nvpoVjpi^ixevcov Kao Kcovtcov. 

316 Katcelvo GKOirei ■ iroTepov KaXXiov icau a/xecvov ttj rroXei 
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ov (lev ovv enrol T£? av rjXi/cas, Ta$ eiri tgv irapovTa 
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dyeiv, rj iraatv ogoi ti yuer evvolas irpciTTOVGi, ttjs: 
irapa tovtcov Ti/xrjs icai cptXavdpcoTrlas /xeTelvai. 

317 Ka\ firfV ei icai tovt apa Bel fie enrelv, rj fiev €{j,rj 
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tot eiraivovp,evcov avBpcov 6/xoia teat, TavTa /3ovXQue'wj 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. 103 

<j>avi](T€TaL, r) Be ar] rat? twv tovs toiovtovs rore <rv- 
tco<pavToui>T(ov ' orfXov yap ore Kat /car eiceivovs rjaav 
rives, ol Btaavpovres rovs ovra? Tore, rovs Be irporepov 
yeyevrjpievovs eiryvovv, ftdaicavov irpaypua /ecu ravro 

7T010VVT6S <TOl. ElrCl Xe'yCLS &)? OvBeV OpLOlO? ei/JLL €K€l-3lS 

vols eyw ; %v S' opuoios, Aivylvr) ; 'OB aBeXcpos o 
cro? ; AXXos Be rts rcov vvv prjropwv ; Eyco fiev yap 
ovBeva cJ)7]/jlL AXXa irpos rovs £aWa?, co ^prjare, iva 
ui)Bev aXX* elirco, rov ^covra e^era^e Kao rovs /caO 
?ji avrov, co<J7T€p raXXa rrdvra, tou? rroLTjras, rov? yopovs, 
rovs aycovtaras * 6 ^cXapLpucov ov% brt, TXavtcov rov 319 
Kapvartov Kat rivcov erepcov irporepov yeyevrjp^evcov 
aOXrjrcov aaOevearepos rjv, aarecpavcoros etc rrjs OXvfi- 
7rcas air-yei, aXX ore rcov eiaeXOovrcov irpos avrov 
apicrra epba^ero, earecpavovro Kat vikcov avrjyopevero. 
Kat crv irpos tou? vvv bpa p,e pryropas, irpos cravrov, 
Trpos bvTiva /3ovXei rcov diravrcov • ovBeva e^iaraptat. 320 
flv, ore ptev rfj iroXet ra jSeXrtcrra eXeaOat Traprjv, 
ecf)ap,tXXov rrjs et? rrjv rrarptBa evvotas ev koivco jracrt 
fcei/ievr)?, eyco Kpartara Xeycov ecpaivopbrjv, /cat, rots eptols 
■tyr)cf)io-p,ao-i Kai voptots Kat it peer (Be tats anravra Btcpfcetro, 
vpcov Be ovSels r\v ovBapov, ttXtjv et rovrots eirripedaat 
rt beot ' eiretor) be a p,i) iror cocpeXe avveprj, Kat ov/ceri, 
avpLpovXoov, aXXa rcov rots eirtrarropbevois vir^perovv 
rcov Kat rcov Kara rrjs rrarpiBos pttcrOapveiv erotptcov Kat. 
rcov KoXaiceveiv erepovs ftovXopievcov e^eraats rpt, rrjvt- 
tcavra av Kat rovrcov etcao-ros ev rafjet, kclI yiteya? real 



104 AHM029EN0YS 

Xafjurpos liriTOTpofyos, eyco o° ao~6evr\$, ofioXoyco, a\\ 
evvovs fioXKov v/jicov tovtoicti. 

521 Avo B , avBpes AOrjvaloij tov cpvcrei fierpiov ttoXittjv 
eyeiv Bel (out© yap jxoi irepi efiavTov XeyovTi ave- 
7ri(f>@ov(OTaTov eiwelv), ev [iev Tat? e%ovcriai$ tt\v tov 
yevvaiov Kai tov irpcoTeiov ttj iroXei Trpoaipecriv Biacjiv- 
Xarretv, ev iravrv Be Kaipco Kai irpa^ei Ti]v evvoiav • 
rovrov yap r\ cpvcri<; Kvpia, tov BvvaaOai Be teal icr^yeiv 
erepa. Tavrrjv toivvv Trap e\xol fjLe/jievrjKvlav evprjcreTe 

322 a7r\©?. 'OpaTe Be. Ovtc e^aiTovfievos, ovk A/jupi- 
KTVoviicas Bacas eirayovTcov, ovk aireCkovvTcov, ovk eiray- 332 
yeWo/ievcov, ovyi tov? KaTapaTov? tovtov? coairep 
Brjpia fiot irpocrftaWovTcov, ovBa/xco? eyco irpoBeBcoKa 
tt]v ei? y/ia? evvoiav. To yap e£ ap^rj? evOv? opOr/V 
Kai BiKaiav ttjv oBov ttj? irdXiTeia? ei\op,r]v, t<z? Tipa?, 
Ta? Bvvao-Telas, Ta? evBo^ia? Ta? ttj? rrraTpiBo? 6epa- 

123 ireveiv, TavTa? av^eiv, //.era tovtcov elvai. Ovk eifi 
fiev toI<$ eTepcov evTV^Tyxacc <f>aiBpo$ eyco Kai yeyrjOco? 
KaTOL T7\v dyopav irepiep^ofxai, ttjv Be^iav irpoTeivcov 
Kai evayyeXi^ofievo? tovtois ov? av eKeiae airayyeXXeiv 
oicofxai, twv Be ttj? 7roX.e©? ayaOcov 7recppiKco<; aKOvco Kai 
GTevcov Kai kvtttcov et? ttjv yrjV, cocnrep ol Bvo-ae/3ei? 
gvtoi, oi tt]V jjuev ttoXiv oiacrvpovaLv, cocnrep ovy^ avTOv? 
BiacrvpovTes, OTav tovto iroicoaiv, e£co Be SXeirovai, Kai 
ev of? aTV)(7jaavTcov tcov 'EXXtjvcov evTV^qaev eTepos, 
TavT eiraivovcri Kai birco? tov airavTa yjpovov jjievel 
(f>ao~i Be iv T7)pe7v. 



nEPI TOY 2TE*ANOY. l05 

Mr) Brjr , co iravres Oeot, firjSel? ravO* vfiwv €7Ti- 324 
vevaeiev, a\\a fiaXiara fiev kcli tovtols fteXria) rvva 
vovv /ecu (f>peva<; evOeirjre \ eu 8 ap eyovaiv aviara)?, 
tovtovs fiev avrovs kcl6 eavrovs efcoXet? kcli irpooiXe^ 
€v yf) Kav OaXaTTT) Troir}craTe } rjfuv he tch? XoittoIs ttjv 
ra-^LarTjv aTraWayrjV rcov eirrjpTrjfjbevoyv (j)oftcov SoVe Kai 
acorr]piav CKKpaXrj. 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



This speech of Demosthenes is a defence of himself 
against the attacks of iEschines, a personal and political 
enemy, made in his prosecution of Ctesiphon for propos- 
ing to bestow an honorary crown upon Demosthenes. It 
was delivered by the orator, as associate advocate with 
Ctesiphon, about six years after the indictment was 
moved by jEschines, — B. C. 330. The followirg may 
be taken as an outline of the course of thought : — 

I. Plan of the Oration. 

Exordium, §§ 1 — 8. 

Refutation of charges foreign from the indictment, 9-52. 

a. Of a private nature, 10, 11. 

b. Of a public nature, 12-52. 

Reply to the charges contained in the indictment, 53 - 125. 
Strictures upon the character and course of his antagonist, 

compared with his own, 126 - 323. 
Peroration, 324. 

II. Topics in Succession. 

1. The orator calls upon the gods to dispose his judges 
to exercise as much kind feeling towards him as he contin 
ually has towards the city and all its inhabitants, and, e« 
10 



HO NOTES. 

pecially, to hear him impartially, as the laws and their oath 
of office require, §§ 1, 2. 

2. He reminds his judges of two disadvantages which he 
labored under in replying to iEschines ; — (1.) The vastly 
greater interest which he had at stake than his antagonist ; 
(2.) The unwelcome task which was imposed upon him, of 
speaking in defence of his own character and conduct, 3, 4. 

3. That he evidently was equally interested in this trial 
with Ctesiphon, 5. 

4. He again reminds his judges of their obligations to 
hear him impartially, 6, 7. 

5. He again calls upon the gods to enable them to do so, 8. 

6. That it was necessary for him, before entering upon 
a refutation of the charges in the indictment, to reply briefly 
to certain charges foreign from the indictment, which Ms- 
chines had brought against him, relating both to his private 
and public life, 9. 

7. That he would not attempt to refute the charges brought 
against his private life, but would leave his judges to decide 
whether they were true or not, from the acquaintance which 
they had with him, 10, 11. 

8. That it was obvious at the outset, from the very course* 
which his antagonist had taken to bring him to trial, that the 
charges against his public character and course were sug- 
gested by enmity, and were therefore without foundation, 
12-16. 

9. That he would show them to be so on one point which 
had been much insisted upon by his opponent, — the peace 
with Philip, 17. 

10. That the divided state of Greece, not he, led to the 
peace referred to, 18-20. 

11. That, in point of fact, he did not propose the peace 
first, but certain friends of iEschines. Much less did he 
prevent a general combination of the tribes of Greece to 
treat with Philip, as both facts and the nature of the case 
showed, 21-24. 



NOTES. Ill 

12. That the part which he acted in making the peace 
was highly useful, by urging its completion with all despatch, 
25-29. 

13. That iEschines and his accomplices gave Philip an 
opportunity of gaining great advantages over Athens, by 
loitering an unreasonable length of time on their embassy, 
before they made an application to him to ratify the treaty 
on his part, 30. 

14. That, besides this, they were bribed by Philip to de- 
lay their return from Macedonia, till he had got in readiness 
his expedition against Phocis, and had actually passed the 
straits of Thermopylae, 31, 32. 

15. And to crown the whole, that iEschines, apart from 
his associates, was bribed to make, on his return, a very 
favorable report of the designs and disposition of Philip to- 
wards the Athenians, by which they were blinded to his true 
character, and led to abandon to him Phocis, their ally 
without a struggle, 33-39. 

16. That Philip, by the destruction of Phocis, gained 
credit with Thebes, her rival, and was thus enabled to ac- 
quire an ascendency in that city, 40, 41. 

17. That from this he went on increasing his power, by 
subduing one place after another, among which w«re man) 
Grecian cities, and employing traitors in every state to ac- 
complish his purposes, which he then cast a£>i<ie, as they 
deserved to be, 42 - 49. 

18. That more might be said upon tl.it. }>oint. but thst, 
undoubtedly, more than enough had aheady been said i 
which, if it was the case, should be charged to the account 
of jEschines, who had compelled him to enter upon these 
extraneous matters in self-defence, 5U-52. 

19. That he would now enter upon a refutation of the 
charges in the indictment, which he proceeds to have read 
before the court, 53 - 55. 

20. That he would reply to the charges contained in it, 
in the order in which they there stood ; and should do this 



112 NOTES 

by first reviewing his public life and measures, to which, in 
fact, they all alike pertained, and then by producing laws in 
their refutation, 56-59. 

21. Passing over their relations with Philip previous to 
his devoting himself to the foreign policy of the city, he 
states, in defence of his policy in renewing the war with 
him ; — First, that Philip was obviously taking advantage 
of the corrupt and divided state of the different tribes of 
Greece, to establish himself upon their ruins, 60, 61. 

22. Second, that Athens could not, consistently with the 
character and position which she had always maintained, 
have taken any other course than to resist him, 62 - 68. 

23. Third, that Philip first violated the peace, by seizing 
certain allied cities of Athens, 69-72. 

24. Fourth, that he had violated it, also, by seizing cer- 
tain vessels belonging to Athens, 73 - 75. 

25. Fifth, that Philip himself had virtually acquitted him 
of any blame in the matter by a letter which he addressed 
to the Athenians at that time, 76-78. 

26. Sixth, that his first measures of hostility towards 
Philip were in resisting his unjust encroachments ; especial- 
ly, in dispossessing him of Euboea, for which he was 
crowned under precisely the same circumstances under 
which the decree of Ctesiphon proposed to crown him, 
79-86. 

27. Seventh, that the same might be said of the succor 
which he sent to the Byzantians and Perinthians, 87-94. 

28. Eighth, that it was no valid objection to these meas- 
ures, tha 'hey were devised for the relief of those who had 
sometimes .njured Athens, as is shown from other instances 
in her history, 95- 10L 

29. That the modification which he introduced during 
this struggle into the system of equipping vessels was of 
great service to his country, and required great moral cour- 
age and integrity in himself to push it through, against the 
opposition and bribes of the rich, whom the change most 
affected, 102-109. 



NOTES. 113 

30. That it remained for him now to speak concerning 
the lawfulness of the proposed mode of proclaiming the 
crowning, and the obligation which he was under to render 
up an account of his public offices before it was lawful for 
him to be crowned, 110. 

31. That he was under no obligation to give in an account 
of the money which he had contributed from his private for- 
tune, and that it was for this for which it was proposed to 
crown him, 111 — 113. 

32. He produces several decrees to show that others had 
been crowned under similar circumstances, 114- 117. 

33. That jEschines himself had virtually acknowledged 
that he was to be crowned for what he had given from his 
own purse, and was not therefore accountable for, by not 
objecting to the preamble of the decree of Ctesiphon, which 
expressly recommended the crowning upon this ground, 
118, 119. 

34. That while it was a matter of indifference to the one 
crowned where it was proclaimed, it was greatly for the 
interest of the state to have it proclaimed in the most public 
manner ; which, in fact, was expressly provided for by law, 
120-122. 

35. That, as he conceived, courts were not constituted to 
furnish an arena for personal invective and abuse ; but yet 
that he was compelled, in self-defence, to return some of 
the invective which had been thrown out so freely against 
him, which he should proceed to do, having first asked his 
opponent one question, 123- 125. 

36. That it was a matter of some interest to know who 
this was that had taken it upon himself to ridicule his lan- 
guage, and at the same time had himself used such lan- 
guage as no respectable man would have ventured to use, 
126-128. 

37. The origin of iEschines, and his late appearance in 
public life, 129-131. 

38. That,* even before the breaking out of the war, he 

10* 



114 NUr*!fc. 

had given proof of a treasonable connection with Philip ,- — 
First, by the attention and favor which he showed to Anti- 
phon, one of his emissaries, 132 - 135. 

39. Second, by his cooperation with Python, another 
agent of Philip, 136. 

40. Third, by his connection with Anaxinus, also engaged 
in the service of Philip, 137. 

41. That numerous other instances of his treasonable 
practices in those times might be mentioned, were it neces- 
sary, 138. 

42. That he still continued in the service of Philip after 
his designs were plainly manifested, and he had virtually 
made war upon Attica, 139. 

43. That especially deserving of attention and reproba- 
tion was the aid which he had given Philip, in getting up 
the Amphictyonic War against Amphissa, and securing to 
him the conduct of it, 140 - 144. 

44. That Philip, prevented from bringing his contest with 
Athens to a close by intervening Grecian tribes, sought 
some pretext of common interest, which should open a way 
for him into the heart of Greece ; and, thinking that he dis- 
covered such a pretext in the desecration of the sacred re- 
gion of Cirrha by the Amphissians, hired vEschines to pro- 
cure a vote of the Amphictyons to make war upon them on 
that account, 145- 150. 

45. That the Amphictyons, undertaking the war, soon felt 
their need of the aid of Philip, as he anticipated they would, 
and applied to him to take the lead of the forces. But that 
he, being thus intrusted with carrying on the war, instead 
of proceeding against the Amphissians, turned aside and 
took Elatea, as a most favorable position from which to 
operate in his designs upon Greece, and especially upon 
Athens, 151-157. 

46. That iEschines had furnished him with the opportu- 
nity for doing all this, and thus was the guilty cause of all 
the evils which had befallen his country, 158, 159. 



NOTES. U5 

47. That, while his opponent was thus engaged in the 
service of Philip, he was steadily resisting him ; and, es- 
pecially, watched to prevent a rupture between Athens and 
Thebes, and a union of the latter with Philip, 160- 162. 

48. That, by the intrigues of Philip and his accomplices, 
these cities were very near an open rupture, as is shown 
from various documents, 163-168. 

49. That, amidst the trepidation and confusion occasioned 
by the arrival of the news of the capture of Elatea, he 
alone appeared as counsellor, and proposed such a course 
as was calculated to secure the confidence and alliance of 
Thebes, 169-173. 

50. The course which he advised to be taken, 174- 178. 

51. That he not only proposed an embassy to Thebes, 
but afterwards went upon it himself, and succeeded in se- 
curing the object proposed to be effected by it, 179- 187. 

52. That, although the time when these measures were 
proposed was the proper time for making objections to them, 
still, as iEschines did not do it then, he would call upon 
him to do it now, if he could, but not to blame him for the 
issue, since this, in all cases, was in the hands of the Deity 
188-194. 

53. But that, even if the issue should be taken into th*> 
account, it ought to be considered how much lighter llip 
stroke was rendered by his policy than it otherwise would 
have been, though it did not succeed in averting it, 195. 

54. Furthermore, that if iEschincs foresaw the result, i* 
was his duty to have pointed it out at the time of the de- 
liberations ; but if he did not foresee it, he was as much 
accountable for this as himself, or any other one. That, in 
truth, iEschines had never given any timely and useful ad- 
vice on any question, but only appeared in times of trouble, 
to augment the evil, like fractures and sprains when the 
body is weak, 196-198. 

55. Besides, that, even if the issue had been distinctly 
foreseen, the city could not, consistently with the position 



116 NOTES. 

which she had always occupied among the powers of 
Greece, and the example of their ancestors, have taken 
any other course than the one which he advised, 199 -205. 

56. That, if Ctesiphon should be condemned according 
to the demand of iEschines, it would be saying, in effect, 
that they had done wrong in following his advice, and not 
that they had been frowned upon by fortune ; and, at the 
same time, would be showing a spirit unworthy of their 
ancestors, 206 - 210. 

57. A resumption of the account of his proceedings at 
Thebes while on his embassy at that place, 211, 212. 

58. The opposition which he encountered there, but his 
success against it all, 213, 214. 

59. The cordiality and confidence with which the Athe- 
nian troops were received at Thebes, when at length they 
marched thither to unite with her against Philip, and the 
success which they met with in two different battles, 215- 
217. 

60. The change which is produced in the tone and bear- 
ing of Philip, 218-221. 

61. That he himself was crowned on the occasion, in 
consequence of the success of his measures, by a decree 
of precisely the same nature as that for which Ctesiphon 
was now arraigned ; and that /Eschines might with more 
justice have prosecuted the proposers of this decree, than 
he now prosecutes Ctesiphon, 222 - 226. 

62. That the reasoning of iEschmes, in which he con- 
tends that these services are more than offset by his own 
and ought to leave no impression in his favor, is sophistical , 
227-231. 

63. That the proper view to take of the matter was to 
consider the resources which he had at his command, com- 
pared with the difficulties to be overcome, which he pro- 
ceeds to do, 232-237. 

64. That it was no objection to his policy, that he had 
made, the burden light upon some of the allies, in order to 



NOTES. 117 

secure their alliance ; since their ancestors had done so in 
a memorable instance, and since the circumstances of the 
case rendered it necessary, and he and his friends would 
have been sure to assail him for it, if he had let the oppor- 
tunity of securing their alliance pass, 238-243. 

65. That, in fact, the city had not been defeated in any 
thing coming under his charge, 244-247. 

66. That the people and courts of justice had, by their 
conduct towards him since the unhappy issue of the strug- 
gle, warranted such a decree as that of Ctesiphon, 248 - 251. 

67. That, as he was aware, it was no way to judge of a 
man by his fortune, especially with such unworthy views 
of fortune as his opponent had expressed ; but yet, that, in 
self-defence, he was compelled to draw a comparison be- 
tween his own fortune and that of iEschines, 252-256. 

68. A comparison of their respective fortunes at the dif- 
ferent periods of life, 257-264. 

69. A recapitulation of the points of contrast in their 
fortunes, with some additional particulars, 265-267. 

70. That, in disproving the charge of being attended by 
an ill-fortune, he did not consider it proper to speak of his 
private good deeds, 268, 269. 

71. But of his public course it should be further observed, 
that, if any one had been freed from the power of Philip, 
it ought to be ascribed to him ; but that their misfortunes, 
since they had been shared by all Greece, should be con- 
sidered as a consequence of the evil fortune of all, or, at 
least, could not be charged to him, any more than to his 
countrymen generally, and especially to his adversary, 
270 - 275. 

72. That the caution given the judges by his adversary, 
to be on their guard against the influence of his artful ora- 
tory, was unnecessary ; since whatever of that he possessed 
had always been employed for the good of his country, and 
on proper occasions, which was more than could be said of 
his antagonist, 276 - 284. 



118 NOTES. 

73. That the people had manifested their confidence in 
him, and their distrust of his adversary, by choosing him, 
in preference to all others, to deliver the funeral oration over 
the dead bodies of those who fell at Chseronea, 285 - 290. 

74. That it was a very suspicious circumstance in iEschi- 
nes, that he was not at all affected at the mention of the 
calamities which had befallen his country, but could recount 
them, for the purpose of charging them upon him, with per- 
fect indifference, 291-293. 

75. That nothing could be more malicious than the charge 
which his adversary had attempted to fix upon him, of acting 
for Philip, when it was notorious that he himself, and a band 
of others like him in every state, had been the busy pro- 
moters of his interest in Greece, 294 — 296. 

76. That if then it be asked, why he deserved to be hon- 
ored with a crown, he would reply, — First, because that, 
of all the public men of his time, he alone had shown him- 
self proof against bribes, 297, 298. 

77. Second, because of the protection which he had se- 
cured to Attica, not merely by repairing her fortifications, 
but, more especially, by the alliances and defence which he 
had gained for her by his measures, 299 - 305. 

78. That these were the proper works of a statesman, and 
very different from those of his adversary, 306-313. 

79. That the comparison which his antagonist had made 
between him and some of their predecessors was unjust, for 
various reasons ; but, if he pleased, that he would stand a 
comparison with him, or any of his contemporaries, 314- 
320. 

80. That at least it must be acknowledged that he had 
uniformly pursued a patriotic course, 321-323. 

81. The peroration, containing a simple prayer to the 
gods to dispose these enemies of their country to better 
things, or, if they were incurable, to pursue them with de 
struct ion over sea and land, 324. 



NOTES. 119 

§ 1 - 9. Exordium. This exordium has been justly ad- 
mired. The style is flowing and graceful, and the spirit 
solemn and earnest. We are introduced immediately to 
the scene of the trial, and find ourselves in the presence, 
not only of the eager multitude of Athens, but of the gaz- 
ing divinities of Olympus. We feel the fervor of the 
speaker, the first sentence he pronounces, and anticipate 
the solemn interests which he has at stake. As the cir- 
cumstances of the case were sufficiently well known to 
his hearers, from the speech of his opponent and from 
general notoriety, the orator veiy properly employs his in- 
troductory remarks in preparing the way for a favorable 
hearing with his judges. This kind of introduction was 
called by the Greeks k'cpodos, while those employed in ex- 
plaining the cause, etc. were called Trpoolpia. As to its 
substance, it expresses a desire that his judges may hear 
him impartially, the reasons for that desire, and then a 
repetition of the desire ; or, as Dissen has expressed it, a 
wish, the grounds of the wish, and a return to the wish. 

1. avdpes 'AOrjvaloi ] " men of Athens, Athenians." durjp 
was generally joined by the Greeks to the names of na- 
tions ; also to titles, professions, etc. This is not uncom- 
mon in English ; as. English?;m?z, policeman, etc. By this 
title he addresses his hearers generally, but especially the 
judges. The cause was tried before one of the tribunals 
of the Heliasts. These were the popular courts, and took 
cognizance of the greater part of the causes which were 
tried at Athens. The Heliasts were six thousand in all, and 
were divided into sections, varying at different periods and 
on different occasions from two hundred to one thousand 
or fifteen hundred. Besides, these courts were open to and 
thronged by the people (sec as evidence of this, among 
other passages, § 196, init.), and hence differed but little 
from the popular assemblies. — rols 0eot? eu^o/zen, k. t. A.] 
This was the most solemn form of invocation used by the 
Greeks, it being substantially the same as that uttered by 



120 NOTES. 

the crier at the opening of the meetings of the assembly. 
See Schom. Assembl. of Athenians, § 92. The importance 
of the cause justifies the earnestness of the appeal, and 
perhaps prompted it ; though many have supposed that it 
was resorted to by the orator in order to remove from the 
minds of his hearers the suspicion of his impiety, which 
the speech of iEschines was calculated to leave upon them. 
— oa-qv evvoiav .... roaravT-qv .~\ Perhaps a mere oratorical 
inversion of the members of the sentence for the sake of 
emphasis ; but more probably, as Dissen suggests, for the 
purpose of stating the reason for the request he was about 
to make before the request itself. If he had always been 
well disposed to them, he certainly might ask that they 
should be kindly disposed to him on this occasion. — vnapgai] 
Not simply " to be," but " to begin to be," " to spring up," 
" to be ready at hand," " to be afforded." The aor. is used 
like the aorists below, napaaT^craL, TToiqo-aaOai, etc., because 
the act referred to is independent of circumstances and mo- 
mentary in its nature. The request is simply for the pres- 
ent trial. K * § 257, 1 ; C. § 63, 1. Both the meaning of 
the word and its tense contribute to bring out the opposition 
designed to be expressed to ex^v iya> 6\areA<», " I continually 
have." — tovtovi] The l adds to the demonstrative power 
of the pronoun, same as the adverb here does in English • 
hence, " this here," = " this present." C. § 28, 2. — 
eneid' ] This marks the succession indicated by irpwrov p£r> 
in the first line, and hence is equivalent to devTepov 6V. The 
de, which regularly follows p.£v in the adversative clause, i.s 
generally omitted with eVeira, since this particle expresses 
the contrast ^sufficiently of itself. K. § 322, R. 4. This 
second reason, he says, has reference to them instead of 
himself, bearing alike upon their obligation to the gods to 
preserve their oath of office, and upon their reputation 

* K. stands for Kilhner's Greek School Grammar (1st American ed.) 
and C for Chumplirfs Greek Grammar 



NOTES 121 

among men. Observe the connectives, ku\ .... re k<u. rt 
kcu refer, one to evaefSeias and the other to do^r, while xai 
connects both of these with vpcov (" for you, and indeed 
both for your piety and honor.") — <n5/*/3ouXoi/] " counsellor," 
"adviser." yEschincs, in his oration (§§205,206), had 
urged the judges to confine Demosthenes, in his reply, to 
the same order which he himself had pursued. This is 
further alluded to in § 2. — rod irus aKoveiv, k. t. X.] This 
is an infinitive clause used as a noun. Such clauses are 
found in all Greek authors, but abound in Demosthenes 
more, perhaps, than in any other. The infinitive used as a 
noun expresses action divested of all its accidents and cir- 
cumstances, — the very soul and essence of action, there- 
fore. It possesses great energy and vivacity, and is favora- 
ble to condensation. It is natural, therefore, that it should 
be a favorite construction with a mind of such force and 
vehemence as that of Demosthenes. 

2. Tjj Tafju Kul rrj d-noXoyia] " the order and the defence." 
Alluding to the restriction in this respect which /Eschines 
(§§ 203-205) had urged the judges to lay upon him. 
These words are governed by xPW a <r@ a h anc * form a part 
of the infinitive clause introduced by to. The article which 
precedes each of them has a kind of possessive sense, = 
" the order and the defence ivhich each party is properly 
entitled to" Comp. r6 pepos tg>v ^</)<ai/, " the required or 
legal part of the votes," § 222, et alias. It is also to be 
observed, with Disscn, that logical strictness would require 
a word of more general meaning than a7ro\oy[a in this place, 
as a7roSei'£ei, for instance, which would apply to both parties 
in a suit ; since dnokoyla properly refers only to the defend- 
ant. But a special term was very naturally adopted in 
making a general remark with reference to a particular 
case. — cos /3e/3ouXr;rai Kai Trpmjpr^Tai] The relative clause 
here boing placed before the demonstrative clause, makes 
the arrangement emphatic, as was observed in a similar 
case above, § 1. Of the two verbs, the former properly 
11 



122 NOTES. 

means "has desired," and the latter " has preferred" ol 
' fixed upon," They are not synonymous, but cumulative, 
in their meaning. 

3. ov nepl .... dycavi£o[xat~\ " I do not contend concerning 
things of equal value," or " I have more at stake." All 
that JEschines had at stake was the fine of a thousand 
drachmas imposed upon the accuser in such causes, if he 
failed to obtain a fifth part of the votes of the judges in his 
favor, and the inability to institute similar prosecutions af- 
terwards. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 144. Demosthe- 
nes, on the contrary, had been charged with so weighty 
accusations by iEschines, that, had the cause been decided 
against Ctesiphon, he must have fallen with him, and lost 
all character with his fellow-citizens, both for wisdom and 
virtue. As he states at the commencement of § 8, his 
whole public and private life was involved in the cause. 
And this is what makes this, of all the orations of Demos- 
thenes, the most valuable. It is a profound and statesman- 
like discussion of his long course of public and private la- 
bors in the service of his country, — a discussion which 
involved every thing which he held dear, and to which he 
brought the experience and reflection of his ripest years. — ■ 
eAetV ttjv ypa<pr]u] A technical expression, meaning " to gain 
the cause." — d\\ y epol pep, k. t. A.] A case of aposiopesis. 
The thought suppressed after epo\ pev may be best supplied, 
I think, as follows : " but while to me every thing is at 
stake.'''' To this clause, the clause after the parenthesis cor- 
responds. The only difficulty here is in ex Trepiovo-ias. it*pi- 
ovaia properly means " superfluity," " excess," and hence 
may mean " advantage," as it evidently does in Orat. de 

F, L., p. 366, init. : rls ovv f) Tavrr)? ireptovala . . . . ; " what 

{hen is the advantage of this ? " 4k Trepiovaia?, then, would 
mean " from a vantage ground," or " with the advantage," 
which is the meaning given in the first edition. Upon more 
reflection, however, I am now inclined to the more common 
meaning of the phrase, " superfluously," " wantonly." 



NOTES. 123 

We may translate, therefore : " but while to me every thing 
is at slake (but I am unwilling to express any unpleasant 
forebodings at the commencement of my speech), he ac- 
cuses me from mere wantonness," i. e. without any just 
cause, evidently without any apprehension of serious conse- 
quences to himself. — "Ertpov d'] He here states the second 
point of the disadvantage he labors under in comparison 
with his adversary, viz. the natural love in man for slander 
and crimination, and his disgust at self-commendation. 

4. cos enos dnelv] " so to speak." Denoting a limitation. 
K. § 341, R. 3 ; C. § 70, 15. — ? X eu/| " to have," " have 
wherewith," " be able." It governs dnoXvaaadai and deucvv- 
vai, — the first in the aor., because the charges to be refuted 
were a definite thing, and the refuting of them was con- 
ceived of as a single act ; the second in the pres., because 
designed to describe a continued attempt to set forth his 
merits, extending through the whole oration, and bearing 
upon an indefinite number of particulars. — ireTroirjKa na\ ire- 
7roXtVeu/xat] The difference in meaning between these 
words, as here applied, is not obvious, and perhaps none 
exists, but they are to be regarded as substantially synony- 
mous, and joined together for the purpose of oratorical ful- 
ness and emphasis. We find each of them, in different 
places, joined with the verb npuTTOi ; as, § 45, iv to} noXirev- 
eaSat kq\ TrpaTretv, and, § 62, Trpdrreiv Koi noulv ; also, F. L., 
p. 373, fin., on 7rpd£ti ravTci Kal 7votr]aei. 7ro\i.T€V€a6ai prop- 
erly means " to act as a citizen of a free state," i. e. " to 
take part in the public deliberations of the government," 
" to suggest measures of government," and hence, " to act 
the part of a statesman," " to effect as a statesman," " to 
manage," very like the Latin gerere. But 7rparreu/, as ap- 
plied to public affairs, seems to refer to acting as a regularly 
appointed public officer, or as a regular business and for a 
livelihood, and hence with selfish and ambitious views, like 
the Latin agere. See § 45. nmelv properly means " to 
make," like facere in Latin. But it often has a meaning 



124 NOTES. 

reiy similar to 7rparreii>, " to do," "perform." Probably, 
nowever, iroifiv in all its meanings retains some allusion to 
its primitive meaning of producing a result, creating or 
bringing about something. It may be rendered, therefore, 
in these cases, " to carry through," " bring about," " make 
good." — as fierptcorara] " as moderately or briefly as possi- 
ble." K. § 239, R. 2, (d) ; C. § 50, R. 5. — ro npaypa avro] 
" the cause itself" i. e. without any seeking of his own. — 
eWt BUaios] Instead of earl hUaiov, — the personal instead 
of the impersonal construction, which is very common with 
dUaios, Zgtos, etc. K. § 307, R. 6, (d). 

5. Ka\ ovdiu .... eucu] This seems to be said in allusion 
to the assertion of iEschines (§ 210), that all his interest in 
the case had reference merely to the crown and the procla- 
mation. We have seen, § 3, how Demosthenes was equal- 
ly interested in the cause with Ctesiphon, who, as the one 
formally prosecuted, had first replied to iEschines, and now 
Demosthenes replies as equally implicated. — aXXcos re kclv 
.... o-vfj.{3aivrj~\ " especially if this happens to one by an 
enemy." kclv, it will be perceived, is a crasis for kcu av ; 
hence aXXcos re <av means, literally, " as in other cases, so 
particularly if" (/ecu being stronger than re, and making the 
last member prominent = and especially. K. 321, 1, c). 
Observe that the intransitive verb avjx^alvr] takes the agent 
or author after it in the gen., with Into, like the passive verb. 
K. 299, ii. 2, (a). — evvoias km (f)L\av6poamas\ " favorable re- 
gard and kindness." Which of course he would lose if 
the cause was decided in favor of /Eschines, who had occu- 
pied nearly his whole speech in decrying Demosthenes. A 
decision in his adversary's favor, therefore, would be allow- 
ing the charges against himself. This high appreciation of 
their kindness and humanity must have been very grateful 
to his judges, since the Athenians prided themselves upon 
mis virtue. See Orat. adv. Leptin., p. 490 ■ p.el£ov, o> nVdpes 

'AOrjvaioi, 07y/3atot (ppovoZcn ear ojliottitl <a. ,>ovrjpla rj vpels eni 
(piXavdpoaTria kol rco ra diKaia PovKeadai. 



NOTES. 125 

6 This and the following section, as Disscn observes, 
with his usual insight into the oratorical structure of sen- 
tences, are distinguishable into three parts, of which each 
succeeding part confirms and more fully explains the pre- 
ceding. The first ends with SikcuW, the second with ou-co- 
/uoKeW, and the third concludes the period. — ou? 6 ridels 
.... 6fxo)fioK€vai] " which Solon, their original framer, being 
kindly disposed to you and a friend of the people, thought 
should be controlling (supreme), not only by proposing them 
for enacunent, but also by the fact, that you who sit in 
judgment have taken an oath to make them so." Solon, 
the framer of the democratic constitution of Athens, was 
regarded by the Athenians as eminently a friend of the 
people, and is often described as such by writers of all classes. 
He is alluded to in this character here, because the orator 
is about to assert the supremacy of the laws which he made ; 
— he was highly democratic, it is confessed, but neverthe- 
less he designed his law to be superior in authority to every 
thing else. The law T s brought before the assembly of the 
people for enactment were always to be written down, and 
hence ypafaiv in such case means " to propose." Logical 
strictness seems to require that o/xcou-okcW should mean " to 
place under oath," but the act. never has this meaning. 
The causative verb " to swear " is 6p<ovv or opKi&iv. See 
<S 30. The word was probably used as having a softer 
meaning ; since it implied less control of the lawgiver over 
the judges. 

7. ra? alrlas /cat ras 6ia/3oXa?] These two words arc often 
found joined in Demosthenes, and instead of the last we 
frequently find \oidopia. See § 15. ama, as defined by 
Demosthenes, Orat. adv. Androt., p. 600, means " charges," 
i. e. mere accusations where no proof is given ; 8ia(3o\y 
means " a false accusation," " slander." — 6 Sio>/ccov lo-xvfi] 
M the prosecutor is strong, or has the advantage." 6 Sicokoop 
pronerly means " one who pursues or follows up," just as 
prosecutor does with us ; but the Greeks had a correspond- 
11* 



126 NOTES 

ing term for defendant, 6 cpevyav (see tw cpevyovn in the next 
clause), which we have not. — 7rape\6elv] "to pass by," 
" to escape." A word adopted, evidently, to keep up the 
figure contained in Sigdkcov and cpevyovn. — wrepou] I retain 
this in preference to varepov, the other reading, since it cor- 
responds better to nporepos above. See Horn. II. V. 15- 17 : 

Qrjyevs pa n pore pos .... 6 5' vcrrepos a>pvvro x a ^ K V ^ v ' 
fcidrjs. And if it be said that trporepov is also found instead 
of irportpos in some MSS., it may be replied, that this read- 
ing is undoubtedly wrong, as irpoTepov means " formerly." 

See §§ 10, 142, 223, 238, 316. — *a\ «a] " both" 

. . . . " and," connect not only their respective verbs, but 
also the participial clauses standing in connection with them. 
— ovrco rrjv diayvaxTiv, k. t. A.] " shall thus make the decision 
concerning every particular " (i. e. in view of all the cir- 
cumstances of the case). 

8. cos* eoiKt] This is thrown in by way of limitation or 
abatement of the comprehensiveness of the assertion implied 
in iravros. Such limitations are common in Demosthenes, 
as in every cautious and accurate thinker. — eneid', k. t. A.] 
" then, whatever is destined to contribute to the public honor 
and your individual piety, that this the gods may grant to 
you all to decide concerning the present indictment." /xe'AAa 
awotaeiv forms a periphrastic future of very much the same 
nature as the Latin periphrastic future, consisting of the fut. 
part, and the verb sum ; it does not indicate an action as 
simply future, but as incomplete, — what is on the point of 
taking place, or is destined to take place. Kotvfj properly 
means " in common," " collectively," " as a body " : but 
as these introductory remarks were addressed not exc usive- 
ly to the judges, but to the citizens generally, who thronged 
the court, and with whom equally with the judges he wished 
to gain an acquittal, it may very properly here be taken in 
the sense of " publicly," as above. The decision of this 
cause would bear upon their public honor, inasmuch as the 
measures of Demosthenes had been adopted and acted upon 



NOTES. 127 

so extensively by the city, that a condemnation of him 
would be a condemnation of the public policy. This idea 
he more fully develops in subsequent parts of the speech. 
It would bear upon the individual piety of those who sat in 
judgment upon him, since they were religiously bound as 
judges to give just decisions according to the laws. 

9. The orator, having completed his exordium, now pro- 
ceeds to reply to the speech of his opponent. And, first, to 
certain charges foreign to the indictment, relating both to 
his public and private life. — Et fxeu ovv, k. t. A.] " If, there- 
fore, yEschincs had accused me only for those things on 
account of which he brought the prosecution," etc. The 
points for which the prosecution was brought are those con- 
tained in the indictment (ypa<pr)), §§ 54 and 55. It will be 
lpparent from examining this, that all charges brought 
-(gainst his private life were foreign to the cause. Certain 
public measures, also, especially the peace with Philip, he 
considers fo'reign to the cause ; since he then acted only a 
secondary part, — the peace having been proposed and 
brought about by others, while he merely proposed a decree 
/or obtaining the ratification of it on the part of Philip as 
soon as possible. — Trpo/SouAeii/xaro?] " preliminary decree." 
deferring to the decree of Ctcsiphon to crown Demosthe- 
ies, which ^Eschines, in his indictment of its author for 
proposing it, had represented as illegal on several grounds, 
and which, therefore, it was the business of Demosthenes 
-:<> defend. This oration, therefore, may be, and indeed is, 
by its author, considered, at different times, as a defence of 
himself, as a defence of Ctcsiphon, or of the decree which 
Ctesiphon had proposed ; since they were all, in fact, ar- 
raigned by the indictment. This will be seen, if it be stated 
under what circumstances the prosecution arose. It was 
what was called, in Athenian law, ypa(p^ -rrapavopcop, or an 
indictment for proposing illegal decrees, or such as were 
supposed to violate any law still in force. Any one on 
proposing such a decree was liable to be impeached for its 



128 NOTES. 

illegality, before the popular tribunals, by any of his fellow 
citizens. Now, in the present case, Ctesiphon, a friend of 
Demosthenes, had proposed a decree in the Senate to crown 
him on account of his eminent public services, which Ms- 
chines asserted was illegal, and commenced a public prose- 
cution of its author for proposing it, and indirectly of De- 
mosthenes, as unworthy of the praise bestowed upon him 
by it. It is called a preliminary decree, because it had 
never been ratified by the assembly of the people, and con- 
sequently was but a partial decree, expressing only the 
opinion of the Senate. Had it been sanctioned by the peo- 
ple, it would have become a ^(pio-pa ; but this was prevented 
by the indictment of its author, lodged by iEschines with 
the archon before it was acted upon by the assembly. — 
5te|io)i/] " rehearsing," " setting forth in detail." For the 
ace. of the thing, and the gen. of the author or cause, with 

Kar^evaaTO, see K. § 292, R ; C. § 53, R. 11. — tva fxr]8e\s, 

k. r. A.] " that no one of you, influenced by words foreign 
from the cause, may hear with more estrangement (aver- 
sion) my just remarks upon the indictment ." wrep, which, 
like the Latin super, properly means " over," " above," 
comes to mean, when transferred to the relations of thought, 
" upon," " concerning," very much like irepi ; since, for 
instance, a dispute over a thing is substantially the same as 
a dispute about a thing ; but the first implies a closer and 
more essential relation. 

10. /3e/3Xacr</)?]/x7?Ke] For the construction of this verb, see 
^ 11, n. — dvdax^crde.] The aor. subj. used as imperat, as 
is generally the case in prohibitive expressions with /«J, K. 
§ 259, 5. — virepev] " over well," " ever so well." — koi pn- 
fevos .... x^P°va] " and (that I may say nothing offensive) 
inferior to none of the middling or respectable sort of peo- 
ple." — tjv\ When placed thus in the same clause with its 
noun, it has the force of an adjective pronoun, as what often 
has in English (" what favor "). K. § 332, 8. — ip8e8etx&] 
' you have shown forth," " exhibited," like the Latin pra 



NOTES. 129 

te ferre. The middle voice, but not used in the strictest 
sense of the middle. K. § 250, i, (b). 

11. KaKor]6ris 5' &v . . . . Tpe-^eadat] " But, iEschines, 
being evil-minded, you altogether weak-minded ly minded 
(thought) this, that I, having passed by the account of my 
public acts [see § 4, note], should turn (i. e. to reply) to 
the slanders uttered by you '? (as a malicious man like him- 
self naturally would). There is a play upon the words 
KaKorjOrjs, evades, (pr)0r]s, which I have attempted to imitate in 
the translation. — Tervcpafxai] lit. " have become stupefied," 
44 am a dunce." For the perf. here, as often, expresses 
rather the result of the action than the act itself, K. § 255, 
R. 5. — vnep] = nepl nearly ; see § 9, note, and K. § 293, 
I. (2), (e). — a Kareyjfevdov icai diefiakXes] u which you invent- 
ed and slanderously stated," = made out by falsehood and 
slander. The ace. here denotes the effect or result, and 
the verbs are to be taken in the pregnant meaning. C. 
§ 57, R. 1. The same is the case with oca .... (3ei3\aa<pr)- 
prjKe (§ 10), 44 which reviling he has stated slanderously 
concerning me," = made out by slander. In the sense 
44 falsely charge upon," Karaylrevdeadai governs the gen. of 
person and ace. of thing. See §§ 9 and 24. But biafidWeiv, 
in the simple sense 44 to slander," governs the ace. of the 
person. See § 24 (noXtv being viewed as a person). These 
two usages being kept in view, these verbs will give the 
student no further difficulty. — ttjs Se iroixnetas, k. t. X.] " but 
this invective, so freely indulged in, I will afterwards call 
up, if there remain in these (i. e. his judges, etc.) a dispo- 
sition to hear." nopneia properly means 44 a procession," 
but as in the Dionysiac processions ribaldry and abuse were 
indulged in, it came to have the meaning here given to it. 
See § 122, note. Observe the Greek idiom with verbs of 
willing, desiring, and the contrary, in the phrase av /3ouXo- 
fieuoLs aKoveiv rj Tovroiai, lit. 44 if it may be to these willing to 
hear." C. § 59, R. 3. — It will be observed from this and 
the preceding paragraphs, that the orator proposes to arrange 



130 NOTES. 

what he has to say under three general heads : 1st, to reply 
to the charges brought against him foreign to the indict 
ment ; 2d, to those contained in the indictment ; and, 3d, 
to return some of the invective which his adversary had 
heaped upon him. 

12. 7Tf/H a>v ivlcov] " concerning which, some of them, at 
least." That a>v does not depend upon eViW is evident from 
the similar case in Dem. Aphob. n., § 23, where both words 
are in the ace. — SiSoatri ripcoptas] " give punishments." 
Tt/ucop/a, then, was the regular punishment ordained by the 
laws in specific cases ; but ripr)pa was the arbitrary damage 
or penalty awarded by the judge. See rt/xa>puu, § 14, and 
TifjLTjfjLa, § 55. In defence of the reading SiSoWi, instead of 
the other reading rarroucn, I refer, with Dissen, to Orat. adv. 

Leptin., p. 504 ■ ol (vopoi) re rols dya66u n 7roiov<ri ras Tifias 
d i 5 ovt e s Kal ol rols ravavTia Trpdrrovai ras r i pa> p las. — 
tov 8e napovros dy&vos .... roiavraj " but the very aim of 

the present trial has in view, at the same time, abuse, and 
insult, and reviling, and contumely, and all such things of 
an enemy." That is to say, it had in view the venting of 
his enmity upon Demosthenes, and not the vindication of 
justice to the city ; it was, as he calls it in a subsequent 
part of the oration (§ 121), cpdovov SUrjv, " a cause instituted 
from enmity." This he proceeds to substantiate. — ovk evi 
rfj 7ro'Xet] " it is not possible to the city." The city could 
not inflict punishment for such crimes, according to Dissen, 
because committed so long before, and not presented indi- 
vidually, but in a mass. 

13. Ov yap .... io-TLv] " For it is not proper to take 
away from me the privilege of appearing before the people 
and addressing them ; nor from abusiveness and envy to do 
this, — by the gods, — is it either right, or lawful, or just." 
That is to say, it was not proper thus to attack him in the 
the name of another (instead of bringing him to trial sepa- 
rately), with the hope of depriving him of the privilege of 
replying (see iEsch. adv. Ctes., p. 82), and especially when 



NOTES 131 

done from malice and envy. The negatives ovre .... ovrt 
.... ovre are merely an emphatic repetition, in the several 
clauses, of the general negation contained in ovd y (see 
§ 186, n.). 7to\ltlk6v, "consistent with the laws of the 
state," == lawful. According to this view (which is sub- 
stantially that of Dissen), yap, of course, does not refer to 
the clause immediately preceding, but, as is often the case, 
to the leading subject of the whole preceding sentence, viz. 
the personal character and injustice of the cause. — irpa- 
■yojSei] " set forth pompously." Alluding, as also by vno- 
Kpiverai below, to the former profession of iEschines as an 
actor — nap avra TadtKrjpaTa] "immediately upon the com- 
mission of the crimes themselves." The infinitive im- 
mediately following these words depends on eS«, to be sup- 
plied from the previous sentence. The orator is here stat- 
ing what course his opponent ought to have pursued. — 
clo-uyyeXias] A term in Athenian law, descriptive of a kind 
of impeachment or information against any one deemed 
dangerous to the state, in cases not expressly provided for 
by the laws. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 133. — daayyeX- 
Xoi/ra] A participle belonging to the subject of xpw& a h and 
expressing the manner in which JEschines should have 
availed himself of the various processes for bringing him 
to justice, — a usage entirely parallel to that of the Eng- 
lish in similar cases. K. § 312, 4, (e). — ypafyovTa .... 
ypaqbopevov] Observe the difference between the act. and 
mid. of this verb ; the act. part, means " proposing," the 
mid. " indicting." The latter, like other verbs of accusing, 
governs the gen. of the crime or charge (Ttapavopayv, " ille- 
gal measures"), K. § 274, 2 ; C. § 53, 12. — ou yap ^nov 
.... eypdyj/aro] " for surely it cannot be that he prosecutes 
Ctesiphon on my account, and that he would not have in- 
dicted me myself (dpi . . . . avTbv), had he supposed that 
he should convict me." This is said to show that there 
must have been sufficient hostility to him on the part of 
iEschines to prompt a prosecution of him, had he seen any 



132 NOTES. 

chance of success. The relation between the protasis and 
apodosis here is such as to deny the reality both of the con- 
dition and the thing conditioned. K. § 339, 1, (b) ; C. § 74, 
2. For ifie .... auroj/, see § 279. 

14. Kai fjLTjv] " and indeed," " furthermore." Often em- 
ployed to introduce a new thought by way of confirmation. 
K. § 316, 1, (c). — Ho) vofioc .... xPW& aL ] " there are laws 
concerning all cases, and punishments, and actions, and tri- 
als, having severe and heavy damages, and it was lawful to 
avail himself of all these." " ra €7nrlp.i.a sunt omnino quse 
quis luere debet, sive debeat iraBeiv sive a7roTi'o-ai." Dissert. 
This is the definition which Demosthenes gives of Tipr)p.u, 
Orat. adv. Mid., p. 523. The two words are substantially 
the same in meaning as they are in derivation. On this 
and also npaplai. see note on § 12. — kcu on-qvLKa ecpaivero, 
k. t. A.] " and when he had appeared," etc. ; i. e. in case 
he had. It will be observed that this is the protasis to the 
clause beginning with apokoyelro, and hence should regularly 
be introduced by d. K. § 339, I. (b). I do not recollect 
another case of this kind, though there may be others. — 
toIs irpos €fj.e] " those suited to my case." npbs ifie acquires 
a kind of substantive idea by having the article prefixed, 
like to7s efjiols, " mine," and hence the omission of the noun 
to which ro7 s refers. K. §§ 244, 10, and 263, d. See, 
also, to kcit !/ie, §§ 246, 247. 

15. too-ovtols vo-repou xpo'i/ot?] Not " after so long a time," 
but " in times so long after." Hence it is time definite, 
and therefore in the dat. K. § 283, 3 ; C. § 60, 7. — vno* 
/cptWrai, " acts a part," " exaggerates the case," " makes 
sweeping charges," after the extravagant style of actors. 
The length of time which had elapsed since the pretended 
crimes, of course, was favorable to this. — El-a .... <paive- 
r*u] " Then he brings his charges against me, while he 
puts this man (i. e. Ctesiphon) on trial, and evinces as the 
cause (TTpoio-TaTac) of the whole trial the enmity he has 
against me, while never having directly met me for this 



NOTES. „ 133 

(i. e. on this ground), he ostensibly seeks to take away the 
political privileges of another." It may be observed, in 
illustration of this passage, that almost the entire speech of 
^Eschincs is taken up in severe remarks and strictures upon 
the character and course of Demosthenes, while next to 
nothing is said of Ctcsiphon, and that in a comparatively 
mild tone. The way in which this suit would take away 
the political privileges of Ctcsiphon was, by fixing a heavy 
penalty, which he could not pay, in case he lost his cause, 
and thus rendering him a public debtor, which would de- 
prive him of all political rights until tho debt was discharged. 
Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 124. 

16. tiv Xeyai/] " might say." av is used with the infinitive 
in all cases where it would be used in the construction with 
the finite verb, and hence gives the infin. something of the 
force of the moods. K. § 260, 2, (5), (a) ; C. § 73, 4. — 

OTL T7JS T][X€T€paS ^OpClS .... {j)T€lv\ " ^ 1Jit ^ W8lS j US t ^ 01 * US 

to fight out the battle of our enmity by ourselves, not to 
neglect a personal contest while we seek some other person 
upon whom to inflict an injury.'" e£erno>io'ff does not seem 
to differ from l£eVa<ris, except it be, as Disscn suggests, a 
word of somewhat lower application, to disputes and wran- 
gling, i^eraaiu iroifiv, § 226, means " to make an examina- 
tion," and e^Taa/xov nuieladai here might be rendered " to 
make a review," "measure the strength of," — the verb 
being in the mid. in the latter case on account of the action 
referring to themselves, ere'pw 5' otco presents a case oi in- 
verted attraction, the antecedent being attracted into the 
,*ase of the relative, instead of the reverse of this. K 
§ 332, R. 1 1 ; C. § 52, R. 7. 

17. av Tif i'fioi] " any one might see," i. e. if he would 
but consider the case, av always refers to a condition either 
expressed or implied. K. § 260, 1. — eV] " in conformity 
with." K. § 296, (3), (c). — Saa wrep .... pov] " what he 
falsely charged upon me concerning the peace and the em- 
bassy." See /Esch. contr. Ctesiph. § 62 seq. The peace 

12 



134 NOTES. 

lere referred to was the peace which the Athenians made 
with Philip, king of Macedonia, called the peace of Phi- 
.ocrates ; and the embassy, that sent by the Athenians fol 
Che purpose of obtaining the ratification of the peace, on 
the part of Philip, which had been voted on their part just 
before (19th of Elaphebolion, B. C. 346, Dem. F. L., 
p. 359, § 64). A previous embassy had been sent a few 
months before. Demosthenes and iEschines were both 
placed upon each of these embassies. On the first embassy 
they were harmonious and on very intimate terms, but 
during the deliberations concerning the peace which took 
place on their return, they fell into some difference with 
regard to the conditions upon which the peace should be 
concluded, and from this point separated more and more 
widely, till they became most violent enemies. This en- 
mity first vented itself publicly in the prosecution which 
Demosthenes brought against iEschines, after their return 
from the second embassy, for malversation. The speeches 
of both on this trial are extant, and contain a full account 
of the proceedings with regard to the peace and the em- 
bassy here alluded to. The last exhibition of this enmity 
was made in the prosecution which iEschines brought 
against Ctesiphon, for proposing to crown Demosthenes for 
his eminent public services, which gave rise to this oration 
and that of iEschines on the same subject. As to the peace 
itself, it had reference to certain difficulties which Athens 
had had with Philip in regard to Amphipolis, a city of 
Thrace, and other northern possessions. Philip, taking ad- 
vantage of the Social War in which Athens was involved 
(B. C. 358), had taken Amphipolis, and also certain other 
places in Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace, which belonged 
to Athens. Athens attempted in return to gain these back, 
but, after contending for this with but little success for 
eleven years, and despairing of any assistance from the 
other Grecian states, who were taken up with their own petty 
variances (§§ 18-21), she finally consented to make peace 



NOTES. 135 

with him. For a fuller account of this whole subject, see 

Thirlw., Vol. II. pp. 66- 128. —"Eo-n 3' dvayKalov, k. t. \.] 

u But it is necessary, O Athenians, and proper perhaps, to 
remind you how things were in those times, that you may 
contemplate each one of them in reference to the juncture 
in question," i. e. the making of the peace with Philip. 
{rtrapxav is used both of the past and the present, according 
as the discourse is of the past or present. We also find 
TOTf and vvu with it sometimes, especially when the thing 
referred to had changed since some former period. Sec 

§ 98 : ov (pofirjOevTes rfjv Tore Qr](3aiois pwprju ku\ 86£av virdp- 

xovo-au, " the then existing" (though not now). Other par- 
ticiples are also used to designate the existence of things 
contemporaneous with the time of the speaker ; as, a>v, na~ 
puv, u7rcoy, etc. ; but they all have a different shade of mean- 
ing from vivapx^v. See § 1, note. 

18. Tov yap Qcdkikov avcrrduTos iroXepov] The war here al- 
luded to is better known under the name of the Second Sa- 
cred War. The Phocians had taken possession of, and 
subjected to cultivation, a portion of land in the vicinity of 
Delphi, consecrated to Apollo, and doomed by a decree of 
the Amphictyons to lie for ever waste. For this, at the in- 
stigation of the Thebans, they were threatened by the Am- 
phictyons with the confiscation of their territory to the god 
whom they had robbed. Being rendered desperate by such 
a threat, they seized upon the temple of Apollo, and robbed 
it of its treasures, in order to obtain the means of defend- 
ing themselves. At first the principal enemy they had to 
contend with was the Thebans, but afterwards these were 
joined by some Thessalian tribes, and finally by Philip. 
This war broke out in the year 355 B. C, and continued 
about ten years. See Thirlw., Ch. 43. — ov yap brj eyojye 
l7ro\iT(v6pr]u no tots] " for not then as yet, as is well known 
((^), was I engaged in proposing public measures." His 
first speech before the people, De Symmoriis, was made, 
according to Dissen, the year following the commencement 



136 NOTES. 

of the war. — 7rp5>Tov fiev v^els ovTto SieKeio-0e] The oratoi 
here uses the mildest terms possible, on account of the 
popular feeling towards the Phocians for robbing the tem- 
ple of Delphi. The fact is, however, that the Athenians, 
from their hatred to Philip, who, they saw, was fomenting 
the war against the Phocians for selfish purposes, early 
entered into an alliance with them, though they seem not 
to have taken any very active part in the war, other than to 
prevent the interference of Philip. — lv AevKrpois] " at Leuc- 
tra." A small town in Boeotia, where the Thebans, under 
their general, Epaminondas, gained a great victory'over the 
Spartans (B. C. 371), which gav; them the ascendency 
among the states of Greece, and made them very haughty 
and overbearing. This ascendency had been enjoyed sue 
cessively by Sparta, by Athens, and now by Thebes. — 
€7T€i.$' .... rapaxf)] " Besides, all Peloponnesus had become 
divided, and neither were those hating the Lacedemonians 
strong enough to subdue them, nor were those formerly 
supported in power by them (lit. ruling by means of them) 
masters of the cities ; but there was both among these and 
all the other states a certain interminable strife and commo- 
tion. 1 ' The state of things here described is that which 
existed in Greece some fifty years after the Peloponnesian 
war ; when Sparta had been humbled by Thebes, and was 
but just able to maintain her ascendency in the Peloponne- 
sus without extending her ambition to other parts of Greece, 
and Thebes was looked upon with distrust both by Sparta 
and Athens. By the enemies of Sparta in the Peloponne- 
sus here alluded to were meant, more especially, the Mes- 
senians, the Arcadians, and the Argives ; the three princi- 
pal states in that peninsula besides Sparta, with which she 
was engaged in a constant struggle in order to keep, them 
in proper subordination. When at the height of her power, 
at the close of the Peloponnesian war, her general, Lysan- 
der, had established in these and all other cities which fell 
into his hands her favorite form of oligarchical government, 



NOTES 13T 

called SfKuSapxia or BeKapxia, by promoting to power, in each 
place, ten citizens the most devoted to her interests. For 
the character and working of these unnatural governments, 
see Isoc. Panegyr., pp. 63, 6 4. Compare also Ilerm. Polit. 
Antiq., § 39, 7 and 8. These, however, now, during her 
humiliation, they had succeeded in expelling, though they 
were not as yet able to gain any absolute ascendency over 
their former tyrannical mistress. This statement will suffi- 
ciently explain the passage under consideration. 

19. to7s nap eVao-rot? .... eepvero] " lavishing treasures 
upon the traitors in each state, he set them all by the ears, 
and stirred them up against each other ; then, while the 
others (i. e. the other Greeks besides the Athenians) were 
remiss in their duty (i. e. to come to the aid of Athens, in 
bringing her contest with Philip to a successful close, and 
thus preventing his encroachments upon Grecian interests), 
and were quarrelling among themselves, he was preparing 
himself and increasing in power against all." avrovs is the 
reflexive for the reciprocal pronoun (K. § 302, 7). The 
treasures here spoken of, by which Philip purchased adhe- 
rents and advocates in every state, were obtained from the 
mining district of Pangseus, in Thrace, which he had ob- 
tained possession of by his northern conquests. In that 
corrupt age, in which almost every man could be bought, 
they were of great service to him in prosecuting his de- 
signs against Greece. — ol rore .... e^alot] " the then 
overbearing, but now unfortunate Thebans." The change 
in the condition of the Thebans here mentioned was occa- 
sioned by the destruction of Thebes by Alexander, the son 
and successor of Philip ; who, on account of their attempt 
to throw off the Macedonian yoke, had (335 B. C.) razed 
the city to the ground, and sold the inhabitants as slaves. 
The times here contrasted were that of the Phocian war, 
and that of the delivery of this oration. At the former 
period, the Thebans were at the height of their power, it 
being not long after the battle of Leuctra. But since thai 
12* 



138 NOTES. 

event some twenty-rive years or more had passed, during 
which Thebes had been gradually losing power, till she 
finally met with this overthrow from Alexander. In order 
to make out this interval between the two periods, I place 
the time of the delivery of this oration, with most critics, 
about six years after the prosecution which called it forth 
was first instituted. It was thus deferred by the prosecutor, 
as is supposed, in order to obtain a more favorable opportu- 
nity for succeeding in his cause ; which at length was 
thought to offer itself, when the Macedonian arms had com- 
pletely triumphed in Greece under Alexander. It was at 
this juncture, therefore, that it was brought on for a final 
decision, though first moved soon after the battle of Chsero- 
nea. — al ttoXcls] Athens and Thebes. The Thcbans, 
being hard pressed by the Phocians, would very naturally 
look to the Athenians for aid, since they were near at hand, 
and, though not particularly friendly, still were apparently 
no further interested in the war than to prevent the inter- 
ference of Philip, with whom they were in a state of hos- 
tility. The wily king, therefore, threw them a sop, by 
offering them peace, and turned and joined himself to the 
Thebans against the Phocians. 

20. Tt ovv . . . . dweli;] "What then cooperated with him 
for taking you almost his willing dupes ? (What contributed 
to his finding you so ready to listen to his proposals ?) The 
of the other Greeks — (I hardly know whether it is proper 
to call it cowardice or ignorance, or both these together)." 
dA/you 8elv expresses a limitation, and properly depends upon 
a>s understood. K. § 341, R. 3; C. § 70, 16. — a>s epyw 
tyavepbv yeyovev] " as has become evident from the issue." 
By the issue her. alluded to, as showing that the struggle 
again&t Philip, so long maintained by Athens, was for the 
common interest of Greece, is meant the subsequent course 
of Philip, who, having quieted the Athenians by offering 
them peace, proceeded to subjugate the Phocians, and then, 
n turn, the other tribes of Greece. — avyx^prjOelo-a] " agreed 



NOTES. 139 

upon." — SufiaWep] See Msch. §§ 60-63. — rh be rod 
roiv .... avnj] " but the wrong-doings and corruptions of 
these in making it." tovtcov refers to jEschines and his 
party, who might not have all been present, but were spoken 
of thus as a well-known clique opposed to Demosthenes. 

21. Kcu tcivtl 7rdv0 y .... £et£epx°M at ] " And all these, for 
the sake of the truth, I am going accurately to examine and 
set forth." For this fut. use of the pres., see K. § 255, 
R. 4. We have here another instance of oratorical pleo- 
nasm for the purpose of fulness or emphasis. Such ex- 
pressions are far from being mere tautology. When used 
with skill and moderation, as is generally the case with De- 
mosthenes, and not to excess and merely for the sake of 
rhythm, as is often done by Cicero, the different words 
always present the idea under different aspects ; the one 
being more general and the other more special, the one 
stronger and the other weaker, the one simple and the other 
figurative, or with some such difference. Dissen has col- 
lected the following instances from this oration, which it 
may be worth while to copy here : dgtco Kal deofiai, § 6 

irpaycobet. kcu dittjyzi, § 13 ; Kare^evc^ov Kal diefiakXes, § 11 
jSoai/ Kai diapapTvpeaO.u, \) 23 ; drjXovu Kai 8iopi£ecr6ai, § 40 
rrpovXeyov Ka\ bi(jxapTvp6prjv^ § 45 ; ovk 6peidl£eiv ov8e XoiSopet 
vdai, § 276 ; Xoib'opovp.evos Kai diaavpccv, § 180 ; nokep,iiv Ka 
diaqbepeadai, § 31 ; TTpoopcopievos Kal Xoyi^o/xei/os', § 27 ; fit]b 
otlovv npoopau fxrj^ aladcweaBai, § 40 ; eidcby Kal icopaKcbs, § 248 
Socov Kal KtKpaytos, § 132 ; elrrelv Kal a7ruyye?Xat, § 33 ; {covtcou 
A6r]vatiov Kal ovtcov, § 72 ; i$L8a£as Kal 8tet;r]\6es, § 22 ; Sie- 
|3aXAe kcu dtf^ei, § 14. Ei yap .... npos ep.e] " For if 

any wrong-doing, however great (to. /iaXtora), should ap- 
pear in these transactions, surely it pertains in no respect 
to me." to. udXiara here is used as in Xen. Apol. § 18 : 

ore ra. /xaXio-ra tj ttoXis evdaip.ovel ; also Orat. adv. Leptill. 

§ 2 ; i. e. it is an adverbial ace. expressing quantity. K. 
§ 279, R. 8 ; C. § 57, R. 6. See also § 95. How any 
wrong-doing in making the peace could have nothing to do 



140 NOTES. 

with him the orator proceeds to show, by stating, first, wha 
suggested it, then who took up the suggestion and formally 
proposed the measure (inbegdpevos km ypityay), and then 
those who helped these carry the measure through (oi di 
(rvircmovres). — ovS* av cri) diappayrjs yj/evbopevos] " not even if 
you split lying." Referring to the earnestness with which 
he had endeavored to prove an intimacy and concert of 
action in this matter between Demosthenes and Philocrates. 
See iEsch. contr. Ctes. § 62 ; F. L. § 13. — otov S^ore eW/ca,] 
" for whatever reason," i. e. for some reasons which he 
could not stop or did not care to state. For the force of 
drjiroTe in such cases, see K. § 95, (b). — eya> 8* ovdh ovda- 
ixov] " but I nothing nowhere." Not to be taken in its most 
absolute sense. That Demosthenes desired and promoted 
the peace is certain, though his name does not appear among 
its original movers. — With regard to the individuals men- 
tioned in different parts of this paragraph, not much is 
known of most of them ; only that they were public men 
at that time of some prominence at Athens, and belonged 
to the party devoted to the interests of Philip. Eubulus 
was the most prominent of the number, and exerted an in- 
fluence in favor of Philip but little inferior to that exerted 
by iEschines. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 173, 11. One 
of them, it will be observed, was an actor, which shows that 
this class of men were held in more estimation then than 
they are now ; perhaps on account of the greater respecta- 
bility of the profession at that time, but principally, without 
doubt, on account of the greater demand there was for a 
popular mode of address in those who were engaged in the 
management of public affairs. 

22. eV avTrjs ttjs akTjOeias] " in accordance with the truth 
itself.' The charge alluded to in what follows was con- 
nected with the general charge, brought against him by 
/Eschines, of being the author of the peace. It was, that 
he was so anxious to conclude a peace with Philip, and 
urged it forward so precipitately, that there was not time 



NOTES. 141 

for the delegates who had been sent for from the other 
states of Greece, to form a common alliance against him, 
to arrive before it was concluded. See jEsch. § 58. — «s 
iipa] " that forsooth, if any one will believe it." It usually 
implies contempt or disbelief of the statement it introduces. 
See § 13 ; also Pop. Orat. of Dcm., VIII. § 4, note. — Eh 
Si ... . 8ie£r)\6es ;] " Then, O — (what uttering could any- 
one address you appropriately?) is there anywhere that 
you, being present, seeing me depriving the city of so im- 
portant a transaction and alliance as you just now described, 
manifested your indignation, or, coming forward, stated and 
explained these things which you now charge me with ? r ' 
The first line of this passage presents an instance of a spe- 
cies of aposiopesis, of which there are several other exam- 
ples in this oration. The figure here consists in stopping 
short when about to designate iEschines, and, instead of 
applying any epithet to him, signifying his inability to find 
one sufficiently opprobrious fitly to describe his character 
And this seems a suitable place to remark, that Demosthe- 
nes abounds much more in figures than in tropes ; more in 
those turns of thought which affect the structure of the sen- 
tence, called by the Greeks oxw aTa -> trian m those which 
concern the application of words. This, indeed, is true to 
some extent of all the ancient orators, and may be consid 
ered as one of the characteristic distinctions between an. 
cient and modern oratory. Oratory was much more culti- 
vated as an art by the ancients than by the moderns, which 
gave a peculiar cast to their oratorical "style, making it al- 
most as unlike their historical or familiar style as poetiy to 
prose. They paid great attention to the rhythm of their 
sentences, i. e. to such a distribution of the emphatic and 
the unemphatic words as to produce a regular rising and 
falling in their sentences, or an harmonious flow. It follows 
from this, that striking modes of address, and artificial turns 
of sentences, would be much more likely to find a place in 
ancient than in modern oratoiy. However, even these do 



142 NOTES. 

not very much abound in Demosthenes ; — more than any 
other orator, probably, whether ancient or modern, he de- 
pended for success upon a thorough discussion, and a forci- 
ble and vivid presentation of the whole subject to his 
hearers. 

23. Kai fifjv .... 'Kolttov rjv\ " And truly, if I had sold to 
Philip the preventing of the union of the Greeks, it remained 
to you not to be silent." The refutation here given of the 
charge is drawn from the fact that iEschines did not accuse 
him of it at the time. This argument is frequently made 
to tell against iEschines throughout the oration. iEschines 
anticipated it (§§ 215-229), and endeavored in vain to 
break its force. — rovroiai] " to these," i. e. the Athenians. 
— ovre yap .... i^ikrfkeyptvoi] " for neither was an embassy 
sent at that time to any of the Greeks, but, long before, all 
had been proved indifferent." Hence there was no motive 
for sending to them. The discrepancy between the state- 
ments of the rival orators on this point is rendered still more 
difficult of reconciliation by an expression of Demosthenes 
(F. L., p. 345), which recognizes the presence of certain 
ambassadors from other states on the occasion of making 
the peace. But this difficulty is obviated, by supposing that 
the ambassadors there referred to were merely the deputies 
of the allies of Athens, while iEschines pretended that 
deputies were expected also from the states not in alliance, so 
as to form a general alliance. See Thirlw., Vol. II. p. 120. 

24. He now proceeds to a direct refutation of the charge 
by an argument drawn from the nature of the case. After 
stating in plain language the inconsistency implied in the 
charge, he finally shows its absurdity by an oratorical syllo- 
gism or enthymem, which, at the same time, he contrives to 
enliven, by throwing it into the interrogative form. — kcu 
@ov\6fx€vot,] " even wishing." — avrol Se] " but yourselves." 
Opposed to tous pev "EWrjvas. — ~Evpv(3a,Tov Trpaypa] " the 
deed of a Eurybatus." A proverbial expression, denoting 
sharoetftae. treachery, having its origin in the treacherous 



NOTES. 143 

conduct of a certain Ephesian by the name of Eurybatus 
or Euryoatos, as some have it. — Ovkow ovre, k. t. X.j 
" Therefore, I neither appear to be the original mover nor 
the cause of the peace, nor, of the other things which he 
falseiy charged upon me, is any thing shown to be true." 
For the various usages of ovkow or ovkovv, see K. § 324, 
R. 7. The negative contained in this particle extends to 
the whole sentence, while that of ovre .... ovre extends 
only to their respective clauses. For the participles with 
the verbs (paivofxeu and deUwrai, see K. § 310, 4, (b), and foj 
the difference between their construction with participles 
and infinitives, see K. § 311, 8 and 11. 

25. ftovhevcw] " being a senator," i. e. a member of the 
Senate of Five Hundred, with which all decrees originated. 
— 7rvv6dva)UTai] This is preferable to the optat., since the 
precise words of the decree are quoted. — tovs opKovs] " the 
oaths," i. e. the ratification, on his part, of the treaty of 
peace. — ov8e ypfyavTos Ifxov ravra] " not even after I had 
proposed these things." K. § 312, 4, (a) ; C. § 71? ni. — 
Ti 8* tovt rjbvvaro] " But what could this effect ? " 

26. 6 8e . . . . e7j-ptty/zarevero] " but he all the time was 
specially intent upon this," i. e. that the Athenians should 
give up all preparations for war. — oo-a t^s noXeos] " what- 
ever of what belonged to the city," i. e. Athens, which, by 
the Athenians, like Rome by the Romans, was called, by 
way of eminence, the city. — egeiv] " should hold." The 
fut. is often thus used in dependent clauses. K. § 255, 3. 

27. The Thracians, here spoken of as the allies of Athens, 
were those occupying the southern part of Thrace, the sub- 
jects of Cersobleptes, to whom the Athenians were under ob- 
ligation on account of his having ceded to them the Cherro- 
nesus. The places named as having been ridiculed (SieVupe) 
by iEschines belonged to his kingdom, and were situated 
near the mouth of the river Hebrus, and in the vicinity of 
the Sacred Mountain, as it was called, one of the most im- 
portant military posts in all that region. Being seaports, 



144 NOTES. 

they were accessible to the Athenian ships, which it was of 
great importance to Philip to exclude from the coast. JEs* 
chines in his speech (§ 82) had jumbled up these with sev- 
eral other similar names, in such a manner as to produce a 
ludicrous effect, and asserted that they were known, even 
in name, to Demosthenes alone. — ovtg>] " thus," " under 
these circumstances," i. e. while the Thracians were in 
possession of the strongholds alluded to. — roiis emicaipovs 
rtov t6tt(ov\ " the favorably situated of the places." The 
noun here, instead of agreeing in case with the adjective, is 
put in the gen. after it, as is often the case in Greek. K. 
§ 264, R. 5, (a). — prjde no\\a>v pev xp r JI JL ^ Ta)V i *• T - ^-] " nor 
that having become possessed of much money and many 
men, by means of these might easily enter upon the other 
undertakings," i. e. the conquest of Greece. 

28. We have here an instance of the skill of Demosthe- 
nes in mingling the weak arguments with the strong. Hav- 
ing made out ? veiy strong case in his favor relative to the 
embassy, he seizes the opportunity of bringing up in con- 
trast with this the petty charge of his adversary (Adv. 
Ctesiph. § 76), founded upon the attentions which he had 
bestowed upon the ambassadors of Philip, who had recently 
visited Athens to negotiate concerning the peace, in order 
to show his want of generosity in taunting him with the 
latter, while he gave him no credit for the former. There 
being no special minister of foreign affairs at Athens, the 
duty of receiving ambassadors devolved upon members of 
the Senate, and it was in this capacity, he says, that he 
entertained, and introduced to the assembly and the theatre, 
the ambassadors of Philip. — 6eav] " sight," " place to see," 
" seat in the theatre." — tov dpx<.TenTova] " architect." So 
called because he kept the theatre in repair. He was 
properly the lessee of the theatre, who, upon condition of 
receiving the entrance-money, agreed to keep it in repair 
and pay to the state a certain sum. See Boeckh, Pub. Econ. 
Ath., Bk. II., 294. — lv tqIv dvotv 6(3o\oiv,] " in the sum of 



NOTES. 145 

two oboli," " by moans of two oboli." Sec Soph. Antig., 
v. 764 : eV ocpdaXpols 6pa)u, " seeing with the eyes." Or, 
perhaps, " in the two obols," i. e. the common scats. Two 
obols was the regular price for admission to the theatre, 
which, however, were given from a public fund, called the 
Theoricon, to all who applied for it. See Boeckh, as above. 
— to. 5' 6\a] "the whole," "the highest interests of the 
state." — Ae'ye] Addressed to the clerk. For the genuine- 
ness of this and the other documents found in this Oration, 
see Appendix. 

29. 'E7rt apxovros MvrjaKJiiXov'] In the time of Demosthe- 
nes, the chief magistracy at Athens was filled by Archons. 
There were nine of these chosen annually, one of whom 
was called the Archon by way of eminence, and also Epo- 
nymus, because the year was named from him : all writings 
receiving for their date, as the decree now under considera- 
tion, the day and month of the archonship of such and 
such a one, instead of such and such a year. The month 
Hecatombaeon, here mentioned, was the first in the Attic 
year ; so called from its being the season of offering heca- 
tombs. It corresponded to the last part of our July and the 
first part of August. As the different Athenian months are 
often mentioned in the course of the Oration, and as the 
order of their succession and their relation to our months 
is a matter of some dispute among the learned, I subjoin 
here a list of them as arranged by the German chronolo- 
gist, Ideler, taken from the supplement of Passow's Greek 
Lexicon. It should be observed, however, that, as their 
months were lunar, they were obliged every other year to 
introduce an intercalary month, which followed Poseideon 
and was called Poseideon II. 

Hecatombaeon 30 days — latter part of July and first of Aug. 
Metageitnion 29 " — " Aug. " Sept. 

Boedromion 30 " — " Sept. " Oct. 

Pyanepsion 29 " — " Oct. « Nov. 

Meemaeterion 30 " — " Nov. w Dec 

13 



146 





NOTES. 








Poseideon 


29 days — latter part 


of Dec. and first of Jan. 


Gamelion 


30 " — " 


Jan. 


" 


Feb. 


Anthesterion 


29 " — " 


Feb. 


u 


Mar. 


Elaphebolion 


30 ,; — " 


Mar. 


a 


April. 


Munychion 


29 " — " 


April 


u 


May. 


Thargelion 


30 " — " 


May 


u 


June. 


Scirophorion 


29 " — « - 


June 


u 


July. 



The phrase hy kcu via means, literally, old and new. This 
was a common designation for the last day of every month ; 
probably from the months being lunar, and hence consisting 
of 29 1 days each, while in the calendar they were reck- 
oned, for the sake of convenience, as having alternately 29 
and 30 days, giving to those of 30 days a half of a day 
more than properly belonged to them. Hence, the last day 
strictly belonged partly to the old and partly to the new 
month, which was indicated by the expression here quoted. 
And being once employed as a designation for the last day 
of the longer months, it would very naturally be applied, 
also, to the last day of the others. For the rest, it may be 
observed, that the first day of each month was called vov- 

fj.r)via, and the second bevripa icrrapevov 01' dpxopevov prjvos ; 

and so up to ten, repeating after each ordinal number tora- 
[Mevov or dpxopevov firjvos (of the commencing month). From 
ten to twenty, the same ordinal numbers, irpd>Tr), devrepa, etc., 
were placed before pea-ovvros p.rjv6s (the middle of the month), 
or before enl deKadi or de<a (in addition to a decade, or ten). 
From twenty to the end of the month, either the same ordi- 
nal numbers were prefixed to em eli<dbi or e'Uoai (in addition 
to twenty) ; or the ordinals were inverted, beginning for 
twenty-one with de/carr), if the month had 30 days, and hdrrf, 
if it had but 29, and proceeding in an inverted order down 

to devrepa, affixing to each the words (pdivovros, iravopevov, or 

dirlovros prjvos (from the ceasing or close of the month). — 
cpvkrjs 7rpvTavevovcr7]s] " the presiding tribe." The people of 
Attica were divided into ten tribes, and these again «nto a 
hundred, and afterwards into a hundred and seventy-four 



NOTES. 147 

demi or. boroughs. Each tribe had a name derived from 
some hero or mythic character connected with the nation, 
and in the time of Demosthenes were each represented in 
the Senate of Five Hundred by fifty senators. The dele- 
gation from each tribe undertook, in a regular orcler of sue 
cession, which they determined by lot, the presidency of 
the body, each for the space of 35 or 36 (in intercalary 
years 38 or 39) days. For this purpose each of the dele- 
gations elected from their own number, by lot, a president 
called eVia-TaTTy?, who was intrusted with the keys of the 
treasuiy and archive office, and with the state seal. His 
duty was to act as presiding officer in the Senate during the 
presidency of his tribe, and as the organ of the Senate in 
general, and of the presiding tribe in particular, in all 
matters of business. He originally, also, presided at the 
assemblies of the people, till the presidency of this body 
was assigned to" nine npoehpoi, appointed by himself, one out 
of each of the other nine tribes. This is Hermann's view ; 
but, according to another view of the subject, which may 
be found in Smith's Diet. Antiq. (Art. BotA^), the presiding 
tribe was divided into five sections of ten each (called n-pof- 
8pm), which exercised the presidency in turn for seven days, 
and chose an eniaTdrqs daily, while the proedri non contri- 
hules, as they are called, exercised a very different function. 
The presiding tribe, besides presiding in the Senate and 
calling the assemblies of the people, acted as a committee 
of the Senate, to transact the various kinds of business 
which devolved upon that body as a supreme court, whije 
not in session. For this purpose this tribe was maintained 
at the public expense at the Prytaneum, where they spent 
nearly the whole time, so as to be ready to act with authority 
in the occurrences of the day which required their interven- 
tion. Comp. Hcrm. Polit. Antiq. § 127. — SpoXoyovpevas] 
" acknowledged," " formally proposed." — Se86x0ai\ "that 
«t be decreed." An infinitive depending upon ehreiv above. 
— Zv rf) irpa>TTj t/acXnaiqi] L. e. the first of the four regular 



148 NOTES. 

assemblies held during each prytany. — Zk. ndvrcov ' ' A.6nvaia>»] 
i. e. as a body, without regard to tribes. The patrial adjec- 
tive belonging to each of the names of the ambassadors 
was to define the demus or borough to which each of them 
belonged, and where their names were originally registered 
as citizens. The list of ambassadors is defective and in- 
correct. See Appendix. 

30. ol xpw T °i TrpevfieLs olrot] " these excellent ambassa- 
dors." xP 1 ! 07 ^ 5 i s often used thus, ironically. See § 89 : 

rju ovtol Kara rrjs 7ra.Tpi8os Tqpovaiv ol XPV cto\ im rais yucA- 

\ovo~ais i\irio~iv. — rpfis okovs fiTjvas'\ This does not seem to 
be strictly true. It was nearly three months from the time 
the peace was voted to the time of the return of the am- 
bassadors, but appears to have been but a little more than 
two, from the time of their actual departure from Athens 
to their return, — from Munychion 3d (B. C. 346) to Sciro- 
phorion 13th. See Msch. F. L., p. 40, and Dem. F. L., 
p. 359. — ^A0e] " returned." He was absent on an expe- 
dition to Thrace when they arrived, and they waited there 
till his return. — e|oi>] " it being possible." An accusative 
absolute, concerning which see K. § 312, 5 ; C. § 71, in. 2. 
— rbv 'EXkr)o-7rovTov] The Thracian Cherronesus lying on 
the Hellespont, where Philip was engaged in reducing the 
places referred to above. 

31. toiovtov~\ That is, such as described above ; — it re- 
fers both to /cXe/x^ia and dapodoKTjpa. 

32. avTcov .... dirlafiev] I retain this reading, in prefer- 
ence either to putting the pronoun in the first person or the 
verb in the third, since Demosthenes means evidently to 
deny that he, though on the embassy, had any thing to do 
with the transaction in question. This is perfectly in keep- 
ing with all that he says on the subject in his Oration on 
the False Legation. He there represents himself as having 
been extremely impatient of the delay, and even, on one 
occasion, as having hired a ship to return alone, but as being 
prevented by his colleagues. See especially p. 405, init., 



NOTES. 149 

and p. 445, init. — HuXaj] Thermopylae. A narrow pass 
through the mountainous ridge separating Thessaly from 
Greece, presenting by far the most eligible route, and in- 
deed almost the only one, from the northern regions to the 
soul.li. Hence, if this was shut up against an enemy north 
of the mountains, his progress was effectually arrested. 
The occasion here alluded to, on which the Athenians 
closed this passage against Philip, was several years previ- 
ous to the time of the peace here under discussion, in the 
early part of the Phocian war (B. C. 353). Since that time 
he had occupied himself mostly in reducing Olynthus, a 
Dowcrful and independent city in the southern part of 
Macedonia, and at that time an ally of Athens. 

33. Ovtco .... tovtovi] " But Philip was in so much fear 
and anxiety, lest, even although he had taken these prelimi- 
nary steps, you, having obtained information before the 
Phocians were destroyed, should vote to assist them, and 
his projects should fail of success, that he hires this despi- 
cable fellow here.'" ovtco is often thus separated from its 
word. See §§ 163, 220. So also 7ro\vs often stands with 
the second of two nouns to which it refers. See § 299. I 
have restored the common reading here (instead of Bek- 
ker's, which inserts « before npb and leaves out aKovaavres, 
avrols, and also <a\ before €<(f)Cyoi) for what I consider suffi- 
cient reasons. In the first place, el would require an av in 
the corresponding clause (K. § 339, n. a.), which no MS. 
gives. Again, nrj, expressing an end (that or lest), is gen- 
erally used with the subjunctive and optative without &>, 
after verbs of fear, anxiety, etc. (Jelf's Kiihner, § 814.) 
As to avrols, though suspected by some, it seems to be re- 
quired both by the connection and the laws of the language. 
See §§ 39, 292. 

34. 'A£ico, k. t. X.] The reader will observe the tact with 
which the orator, on this and several other occasions, throws 
upon his opponent the blame of leading him into any dis- 
cussions foreign to the subject. 

13* 



150 NOTES. 

35. eo-Tai .... GtyjScuW] " for all things will turn out as 
you wish, if you remain quiet, and within two or three days 
you will hear that he has become the friend of those against 
whom he comes an enemy, and, on the contrary, the enemy 
of those to whom he comes a friend. For not words, he 
said, confirm friendships, uttering it with all gravity, but 
community of interests ; and that it is alike for the interest 
of Philip and the Phocians, and you all, to be freed from 
the stupidity and oppressiveness of the Thebans." But 
perhaps avakyrjvias means " savageness," as this character 
is often ascribed to the Thebans. See Adv. Lept. § 109. 
The change of feeling in Philip, which iEschines is here 
represented as persuading the Athenians to believe was 
about to take place, had reference to the Athenians and 
Thebans. He had excited his countrymen to hope, that, 
from what he knew of Philip's character and intentions 
they had nothing to fear from him ; but that he would very 
naturally become their friend, and the enemy of Thebes, 
as soon as he became acquainted with the true character 
and relations of the two nations. It will be seen from this, 
as well as the following passage, that the Thebans were 
very much disliked at Athens. This arose, in part, as has 
already been stated, from the tyrannical manner in which 
they exercised the superiority they gained at Leuctra ; and 
in part, from their betraying the liberties of Greece in the 
Persian war, which was always remembered against them , 
and in part, on account of their stupidity and want of 
genius. 

36. ovk els [xaKpdv] The news of the destruction of Pho- 
cis reached Athens fourteen days after the return of the 
embassy. — kol en .... ^tXiWa)] " and even besides these 
things, that the hatred (formerly felt) towards the Thebans 
and Thessalians fell to the city, and the gratitude felt on 
account of what had been done fell to Philip." The de- 
struction of the Phocians was a popular thing among many 
of the tribes of Greece, on account of the horror with 



NOTES 151 

which they were looked upon for violating the temple of 
Apollo, and appropriating to themselves so unscrupulously 
the common offerings of the Greeks deposited there. Phil- 
ip, therefore, gained favor with many by subduing them, 
and the Athenians incurred odium with the same by oppos- 
ing him ; since it could easily be said, that in opposing him 
they were sustaining the Phocians in their impiety. 

37. <ruyKhr)Tov .... y^a)/^] " at an assembly called by the 
generals, with the approbation both of the prytanes and the 
Senate." During each prytany, or the term for which each 
tribe presided, there were either three or four regular assem- 
blies ; any others which it was necessaiy to have during 
this time were extraordinary, and might be called either by 
the generals or by the prytanes, according as their object 
was to consult on military or civil affairs. This was natu- 
rally called by the generals, as it was in order to take pre- 
cautionary measures against an invasion of Attica by Philip. 
" This measure," says Thirlwall (Vol. II. p. 126), t; was 
no doubt less an effect of a real panic, than a burst of ill- 
humor, which it would have been wiser to suppress." 

38. 7rept Se . . . . fiov^Tjs] " but concerning the impossi 
bility, let the general of the infantry, and the commissary, 
and the clerk of the Senate, judge." They were appointed 
in the present emergency, as a kind of court, to judge of 
the validity of the excuses of those who refused to obey 
the directions given in the decree. For the meaning of 
SnXwv in the sense of otikircov, see note, § 115. — EtVe KoX- 
T^iadevTjs <&a\ripevs] This statement is to be regarded as 
made by the proposer himself; but that at the first part of 
the decree as made by the clerk of the assembly in re- 
cording the decree 

39. This letter was written soon after the parsing of the 
above decree, for the purpose of warning the Athenians 
against taking any measures to assist the Phocians, in which 
light he seems to have regarded the military movements 
above referred to. It has a calm and confident air about it 



152 NOTES. 

which shows that he felt his superiority. — ra Kara rfju $«■> 
ki8o] " wnat penams to Phocis," " the cities of Phocis." — 

elaayrjoxoTas] One form of the perf. act. part, of eicraycD. 

K. § 124, 2, (a). Observe that these introductory clauses 
employ participles like infinitives to complete the verbal 
idea of "io-re, but the concluding clause of the sentence 
takes the finite verb. SchafFer shows that this is not un- 
common in Greek authors, from Homer downwards. See, 
also, Jelf 's Kiihner, §§ 759, Obs. 4, and 765, 2. — Tois p.ei> 
yap 8\ois] " for on the whole." A phrase veiy similar in 
meaning to Ka8' oXou, found in another letter of Philip, 
§ 77. — iierptov] "moderate," "reasonable." — "Qare tap, 
k. r. X.] " So that, if you do not abide by your stipulations, 
you will get the start of me in nothing except in being the 
first transgressors." 

40. ToiyapoZv i< tovtcov oT^ero eiceivovs Xa/3coi/] " Accordingly 
by these means he went on bearing them away," i. e. de- 
ceived them, blinded them. See F. L. § 22 ; also K. § 310, 
4, (1). I have restored Qtj$uLol to the text after Taka'nrupoi, 
since without it this word would naturally be referred to 
the Thessalians as well as Thebans. 

41. crwepyos Koi avvaya>vL(TTr)s~] " fellow-procurer and pro- 
moter." These nouns, besides the gen., take also the dat. 
by the force of avv. This is a favorite construction with 
Demosthenes, since it promotes condensation. — koX yecopywv 
ra iiceivMv] " and cultivating their soil." — os evdus, k. t. X.] 
" who was immediately demanded by him who did these 
things," i. e. by Alexander, who, on the destruction of 
Thebes, sent to Athens, demanding, as a condition of her 
own safety, nine of the leading anti-Macedonian orators, of 
whom Demosthenes was one. iEschines, in his speech 
(§§ 133, 156), had made a great show of sympathy for the 
Thebans, and rehearsed their calamities in a very touching 
manner, as being caused, according to his view of the case, 
oy Demosthenes. On the contrary, Demosthenes, in this 
passage, by placing in contrast the manner in which their 



NOTES. 153 

downfall affected him and his antagonist respectively, en- 
deavors to make it appear that his sympathy was wholly 
feigned, and that he himself has vastly more reason for re- 
gretting that event than his adversary. iEschines, for his 
services in the cause of Philip and his successor, Alexander^ 
which eventually led to the destruction of the Thcbans, had 
been presented with possessions in their country, by the 
masters whom he served ; but he, by resisting them, had 
exposed himself to their indignation, and had actually been 
demanded for execution. 

42. 'AAAd yap] These particles, coming together thus, 
always denote a correction or checking of one's self or 
another. Sometimes the verb expressing the correction is 
expressed, and sometimes it is understood, as here. An 
dlustration of both usages may be found in Soph. Antig., 
within a few lines of each other, vv. 148 and 155. — Si)] 
used thus often in resuming the subject. See Dem. Pop. 
Orat. IV. § 21. 

43. 'Y/jLfU fie ... . ojxeos] " But you, looking with suspi- 
cion upon what had been done, and being indignant, never- 
theless kept the peace " ; i. e. the peace before referred to, 
which was concluded with Philip just before the destruction 
of Phocis. — Kai ol aXkoi .... TroXefiov^voi] " And the other 
Greeks, also, having been deceived equally with you, and 
having failed of what they hoped for, gladly kept the peace, 
although, in a certain sense, being themselves made war 
upon for a long time. 1 ' For Kai . . . . Se, " and also," see 
K. § 322, R. 7 ; and for the ace. rporrov nra, § 279, R. 3. 
The Athenians, and many other Grecian states, seem to 
have been led, by the representations of iEschines on re- 
turning from the second embassy, to expect that Philip, 
after chastising Phocis for her impiety, was about to humble 
Thebes. This the Athenians in particular expected he would 
do, by restoring to their freedom the Boeotian towns, which 
the Thebans, during their recent prosperous career, had re- 
duced under their power. When, therefore, he proceeded 



154 NOTES. 

to unite his arms with those of Thebes, not simply for the 
chastisement, but for the total destruction of Phocis, her 
enemy and rival ; and besides, to confirm Thebes in her 
possession of the Boeotian towns, and even to put her in 
possession of a part of the territory of Phocis ; they dis- 
covered that they had been imposed upon, and were disap- 
pointed in their expectations. But notwithstanding this, and 
his continued course of unjust encroachments upon Grecian 
interests, as Demosthenes here states, they preserved peace 
with him : the Athenians, because they could effect nothing 
alone by an open rupture, and the other states from indiffer- 
ence, being contented with peace themselves, however much 
the interests of Greece at large might suffer. This selfish 
indifference, this want of an enlarged patriotism embracing 
every thing that was Grecian, is what Demosthenes com- 
plains of in this and the following passages, as well as in 
other parts of the Oration. 

44. "Ore yap irepu&v 6 <£>iAi7T7ros-] " For when Philip going 
around," i. e. extending his conquests in different directions. 
Of the two tribes here mentioned, the first was situated on 
the north of Macedonia, and the last belonged to Thrace. 

— €Tt\ Tij ttJs dprjVTjs i^ovaia (Sadifrvres] " g°i n g thither (i. e. 

where Philip was) under license of the peace." 

45. erepos \6yos ovtos] " this is another's account." — al 
de noXeis .... aladeaBat] " But the cities were diseased, 
those employed in the political and administrative depart- 
ments being bribed and corrupted by gold, while the private 
citizens and the multitude in part did not foresee, and in 
part were caught with the bait of the present ease and quiet, 
and all had some such delusion as this, viz. each thought 
that the calamity would not fall upon themselves, but that, 
by means of the dangers of others, they should hold se- 
curely their own interests, whenever they wished." The 
genitives absolute in the latter part of this sentence depend 
upon the verb ivoo-ovu, they being introduced to describe the 
state of things implied in that verb. ttoWcov, being employed 



NOTES. 155 

here in the sense of " the many," would regularly have the 
article, hut, as it. stands in close connection with ISiarap 
which has the article, it is omitted. K. § 245, 2 ; C. § 49, 9. 
In nXijv ovk (lit. " except not "), ovk is used idiomatically, 
same as it often is after the comparative particle ij. K. 
§ 318, R. 7. axn a ' eLV i a rare form for e£eiy ; hut hoth forms 
are used indiscriminately by Demosthenes, as will be seen 
by referring to the following pages in different orations of 
his, viz. pp. 13, 45, 61, 209, and 234. But e£co usually has 
more strictly the meaning " to have." 

46. Etr alaBeo-O.u] " Then, I think, it has happened to 
the masses, instead of the much and unseasonable ease, to 
perceive that they have lost their liberty, but to the public 
men and those thinking to sell all else except themselves, 
that they have bartered away themselves first." neKpaKoo-i 
is in the dat. from the influence of the object of ovppePrjM, 
which is also the subject of alo-Beadai. K. § 310, 2 ; C. 
§ 70, 10. — aKovovaiv] " hear themselves called," " are es- 
teemed." K. § 240, 2, (e). 

47. ouS' eVftSav .... 7rpoSoVou] " nor when he may have 
become master of what he has purchased does he any longer 
employ the traitor as counsellor concerning the remainder ; 
for (were this the case) nothing would be more fortunate 
than a traitor." An analysis of this sentence will furnish 
an illustration of several important laws of the language. 
First, we have two subordinate clauses, one adverbial and 
the other adjective, each with av and the subj., to represent 
the statement in each case as something conditioned and 
indefinite ; K. §§ 337, 5, and 333, 3 ; and then the princi- 
pal clause, which is followed by the principal clause of a 
conditional adverbial sentence (having, however, a coordi- 
nate connection with the preceding sentences) of which the 
condition is suppressed. K. § 340, 1. Observe, too, the 
use of ovBeu instead of uvdels, in order to make the assertion 
more comprehensive. — -noOev {] " how can it be so ? " Im- 
plying very strongly that it could not be so. — lioWov y« 



156 NOTES. 

kol Sel] " It even wants much of it, indeed." " Very fai 
from it, indeed." — J AXX' eneidav .... Karaarrj] " But when 
he who aspires to the supremacy may have established him 
self master of affairs." rwv Trpayp-dronu iyKparrjs means very 
much the same as potitus rerum. 

48. Kal yap . . . . ev <fipovovaiv] " for if the time of these 
events has passed, at least the time of understanding sucl 
things is always present to the wise." Observe the use ol 
Kaiposi of the " proper time," " a particular point of time,' 
distinct from xpow?, of " time in its duration." Also, of dde- 
i>at, " to know by reflection," " to understand," distinct from 
ytyvao-Keiv, " to perceive," " mark." ew (ppovovmv followed 
by a dat. would mean " to be well disposed." The individ- 
uals named in the following sentences were traitors, whom 
Philip had employed in the different states, and, when he 
had accomplished his purposes, cast off as useless. — Err* 
eXavvopevoiv, k. t. X.] " Then the whole habitable world was 
full of traitors rejected and insulted and suffering what not 
of evil." The use of nava rj ohovpevr) here throws some 
light upon the use of this phrase, Luke ii. 1. For ri kukov 
oi>xh see K. § 344, R. 6. 

49. 'e£ &i/, k. t. X.] " From which facts any one might 
see even most plainly, that he who guards his countiy most, 
and opposes these (traitors) most, this one, iEschines, pro- 
cures for you traitors and hirelings, the having the means 
whereby you shall receive bribes ; and that through the 
great mass of these (i. e. the Athenian citizens) and those 
opposing your designs, you are safe and paid, since, if left 
to yourselves, you would have perished long ago," i. e. by 
betraying the state to Philip, as they desired to, and then, 
like other traitors, being rejected and rendered outcasts. 
"Sut they had been kept from this end by the patriotism of 
those who prevented the success of their treachery, and thus 
prevented them from completing their work and being dis- 
charged and cast aside as useless tools by their master. 

50. Kcu] " although." Often found thus in conjunction 



NOTES. 157 

with a participle expressing a concession. K. § 312, R. 8. 
The Km in the following line means " even," and uprja8cu is 
governed by Uavwv. K. § 306, 1, (c). — Amos 8* . . . . /u- 
adapvUiu] " But this man is chargeable (i. e. for the speak- 
ers having said so much), having bespattered me with a 
kind of stale mixture, as it were, of his own depravity and 
evil-doings, which, to those younger than the events referred 
to, it was necessary to clear myself of. But you, perhaps, 
have been wearied, who, even before I said any thing what- 
soever, knew of his serving for hire at that time. 11 I have 
rendered ioAoKpaalav " a stale mixture, 11 it being compound- 
ed of ecoXoy, " pertaining to yesterday, 11 hence " old, 11 
" stale, 11 and Kpao-is, " mixture. 11 The reference seems to 
have been to the remoteness of the events alluded to, and 
the triteness of the charges founded upon them, as they re- 
lated to the earliest part of his political couise, and had 
been oft repeated by his opponent. This accusative (ea>\o- 
Kpaaiav), together with p,ov, is governed by Karao-Keddo-as, in 
the sense " to cast upon 11 (= charge upon), which it has 
in this place. 

52. donel p-iadaiTos] In some editions this noun is found 
with the accent on the antepenult, instead of the ultimate, 
where it properly belongs, in order to conform to the state- 
ment of Ulpian, that the orator purposely put the accent on 
the wrong syllable, with the design of eliciting a repetition 
of the word from his hearers, who, on account of the ex- 
treme delicacy of their ear to the harmony of language, 
were accustomed to correct such mistakes in pronunciation. 
But this story is not adopted by the most judicious critics , 
as the artifice seems too trivial to be ascribed to Demosthe- 
nes, and, indeed, could have availed nothing, as it would 
have been apparent for what purpose the cry of hireling 
was raised by the multitude. This call upon his hearers, 
however, to respond to his charge of corruption against his 
adversary, does manifest great confidence in the agreement 
of their views of his character with his own ; and the per- 
14 



158 NOTES. 

ceptiori that he had, by the clear evidence and lively descrip* 
lion which he had given of his corruption, made a favora- 
ble impression upon their minds, which he wished to render 
permanent, by inducing them, in the enthusiasm of the 
moment, to express it in words. The whole of this last 
paragraph is as fine a specimen of keen and lively raillery 
as can be found, perhaps, in any language, and forms a 
suitable close to the first general division of the speech. 
Having completed the examination of the charges foreign 
from the indictment, he commences, in the next paragraph, 
an examination of those contained in the indictment. 

53. Xva Kalnep .... rvyxdveiv] " that iEschines, although 
knowing, nevertheless may hear, on account of what I say, 
that I am worthy to receive both these rewards decreed by 
the Senate (i. e. in the decree of Ctesiphon), and even by 
far greater rewards than these." 

54. dnrjveyKe .... ypa(prjv] " laid before the archon an in- 
dictment for illegal measures." By the archon here alluded 
to is meant, probably, the first archon. See § 29. The 
principal business of the archons was to receive complaints 
concerning crimes, and bring them before the courts for 
trial ; and, indeed, in many cases, to conduct, themselves, 
the trial on the part of the state. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. 
§138. Such cases as this were commonly laid before the 
Thesmothetse, but occasionally, as it appears, before the 
chief archon. — cos apa] " that indeed, or to the effect that." 
For this usage of as apa, see § 73. It is different from that 
noticed in § 22. — ko.1 dvayopevcrai .... 6 drjpos] " and to 
proclaim in the theatre at the great Dionysiac festival, at 
the contest of the new actors, that the people crown." In 
explanation of this passage, it may be stated that there were 
at least three different festivals of Dionysus or Bacchus in 
Attica ; the Greater, the Lesser, or country Dionysia, and 
the Lensea. The first of these was the most splendid and 
the best attended, it being open to all the allies of Athens, 
and even to foreigners. At this only new pieces were 



NOTES. 159 

represented, in the representation of which, consequently, 
the actors appeared in new characters, and were hence 
called new actors ; while at the second, only old ones were 
represented ; and at the last, botli new and old, as might 
happen. Comp. Midler's Greek Literature, Vol. I. p. 296, 
note. 

55. elra tov vnevOvvov arecfHivovv] " in the second place 
(not permitting) to crown one undischarged of his accounts 
of office. " The infinitive in this passage depends upon ecov- 
tg>v above, and so does the infinitive dvayopeueiv below. — 
ecrri de . . . . Tern-y/zeVo?] " but Demosthenes is repairer of 
the walls, and superintendent of the theoric fund." He 
was appointed to superintend the repairing of the walls of 
Athens immediately after the battle of Chseronea, or at least 
was one of the committee for repairing the walls for that 
year, and had not been discharged from this office by pass- 
ing his accounts before the Logistse when this prosecution 
was first instituted. Fie also was superintendent or treasurer 
of the theoric fund, designed to pay the fees of such as 
wished to attend the theatre, but had not the means of pay- 
ing for their admission. It was a large fund, and therefore 
involved no inconsiderable pecuniary responsibility. — TIvkvI"] 
The dative of mw£, " Pnyx," the v being transposed in the 
nominative for the sake of euphony. It was the place where 
the assembly of the people met, and took its name from 
ttvki/09, " thick," the people being crowded together there. 
— Tiftrjfia toXcivtci irevrrjKovTa] M Penalty fifty talents." An 
immense sum, if we consider that the Attic talent of silver 
amounted to more than a thousand dollars, and the gold 
talent to about ten times that sum. The reason of fixing the 
penalty so high was to render it impossible for him to pay it, if 
convicted ; and thus, according to a standing law, to deprive 
him of all his political privileges, or to fix upon him what 
was called the dripia or public disgrace, which had this 
effect. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 124, 9. — KAqrop«] 
"witnesses"; i. e. of his having summoned the defendani 



160 NOTES. 

to appear and answer to the charge. This indictment, it 
will be perceived, contains three charges. (1.) That the 
statements relative to the character and services of Demos- 
thenes were false. (2.) That he was legally disqualified 
for receiving the honor proposed to be bestowed upon him, 
by the holding of certain offices. (3.) That the proposed 
mode of conferring the honor was illegal. These points 
Demosthenes now proceeds to deduce, and then replies to 
them in the order in which they here stand. 

56. 'Eycb o*' . . . . aivokoyr}(ro}xai'\ " But from these very 
charges, I think 1 shall make it evident to you at the outset 
that I shall defend myself justly in all things." npaTov, 
when it means " in the first place," " the first in a series," 
takes fiev with it ; see § 1 ; but without this particle it means 
simply u first of all," " at the outset " ; since the absence 
of \iiv shows that a succession of particulars is not intended. 
See § 141. — ttjv yap avTTjv .... ra£ii>] i. e. the same which 
iEschines had followed in his indictment, but not the same 
which he had followed in his speech. By this inadvertency 
of iEschines, Demosthenes gains the advantage of such an 
arrangement of topics as he desires, while he conforms to 
all that the rules of fair discussion require. 

57. Tov pip .... pofii£a>] "Therefore, of the proposing 
(i. e. by Ctesiphon in his decree) that I continually do and 
say the best things for the people, and am zealous to do 
whatever good I can, and to praise me for these things, I 
think the test lies in my public life." All the first part of 
the sentence, it will be perceived, is used as a noun in the 
genitive, and is governed by Kpiaiv. 

58. To 8e p.T) . . . . 7J-e7roAiT6t;/xeVois] " But as to his not 
adding, to crown, ' when he shall have rendered up his 
accounts,' and his directing to proclaim the crown in the 
theatre, I think that this also has to do with my pub'ic life. 
iEschines had represented it as a special piece of impu- 
dence in Ctesiphon that he had not even added to his propo- 
sition to crown Demosthenes, when he shall have rendered 



NOTES. 161 

up his accounts. Sec iEsch. § 11. — iv tovtois] "among 
these," i. e. the people of Athens, who were assembled in 
large numbers at the great Dionysiac festival. The koi 
after etre was added to this member, according to Dissen, in 
order to show that the speaker viewed it as the least proba- 
ble of the two suppositions. Sec Horn. II. II. 349. — deiKrc- 
ov thai fjLoi] "I must show." K. §§ 241, 3, and 284, 3, 
(12); C. §59, 11. 

59. 'EXXr/maff npdgeis kci\ \6yovs] " Grecian doings ar.d 
sayings," i. e. those which pertained to Greece at large, and 
not simply to Athens. All his measures in opposing Philip 
he considers of this nature, i. e. all enumerated to § 102. 
— o yap, k. t. X.] " for he who prosecutes (the statement) of 
the decree, that I do and say the best things, and has in- 
dicted these things as not true," etc. Strictly speaking, the 
whole phrase, to Xeyew . ... fie, is a noun governing ^r)<pl- 
o-fiaTos. — Eira feat .... eyco~\ " Then, there being many de- 
partments of the constitution or administration, I chose that 
which had reference to Grecian doings," i. e. the foreign 
department of the government. Amidst the general dis- 
sensions and jealousies of the different tribes, he chose to 
devote himself to the foreign relations of the state • in order, 
if possible, by a high-minded and generous policy towards 
the other states, to promote a spirit of union, and thus pre- 
vent a universal overthrow of the liberties of Greece. And 
such a line of policy, he contends, was in perfect keeping 
with, and, indeed, absolutely demanded by, the past history 
of Athens. 

60. *A pev ovv\ Demosthenes commences here, at the 
point where he considers himself responsible for the foreign 
policy of the city, inasmuch as from this time he gave the 
direction to this department of the policy. The point to 
which he refers is tlje renewal of hostilities with Philip, 
after the peace before alluded to, his speeches upon which 
subject were among his earliest political efforts. To this 
course he aroused the people, and is willing to meet the 

14* 



162 NOTES. 

responsibility of it ; but for previous measures and disasters 
which his antagonist had charged upon- him, he holds that 
he is not accountable. He thus passes over, with the re- 
marks which have preceded, the first two periods during 
which iEschines had examined his career, as being irrele- 
vant to the present cause, and commences with the third. 

See iEsch. §§ 54,55. — ravra dvapvr]cr<0 .... VTrtnraiv] " these 

I will recall, and of these I will subjoin an account, having 
premised thus much," i. e. what follows as far as § 62. 
ToaovTos, though generally referring to what precedes, often 
refers to what follows. So § 124, too-ovtov alrbv epcort)- 
cras ; also, Xen. Anab. I. 3, 14, pera di tovtov KAe'ap^os tine 
TOCTOVTOV. K. § 303, R. 1. 

61. cjiopau] " harvest," " rush," " multitude." See § 271, 
where it means " force of circumstances " ; also Plato, 
Gorg. 451, C, where it refers to the motion of the heavenly 
bodies. — ols (rvvaycovio-Tas, k. t. A J " whom having taken as 
coadjutors and fellow-laborers, he rendered yet more disaf- 
fected the Greeks, even before ill-disposed towards each 
other and divided into factions, by deceiving some, giving 
to others, and corrupting others in every way, and divided 
them into many parties, to all of whom there was one in- 
terest, to prevent him (Philip) from becoming powerful." 
X^lpou is found in the neuter here, and not. in agreement 
with "EWrjvas, because it expresses an adverbial idea, or re- 
fers to its noun in a very general way. K. § 241, 2. For 
an account of this artful policy of Philip, see Dem. Olynth. 
ii. §§ 6, 7. 

62. Trpdrreiv km ttoulv] Schafer says, " Pleonasmus est 
oratonus, rie putes discrimen significationis inter hsec verba 
intercedere." But see § 4, n. — 6 yap .... elfii eya>] " for 
I am he who placed himself at this point of the administra- 
tion," i. e. in the foreign department of the state. See 
§ 59, n. 7rokiTeias is a partitive gen. depending upon eV- 



Tavoa. 



63. TioTcpov .... yiyvopeva ;] " Whether, O iEschines, 



NOTES. 163 

was it fitting for her, relinquishing her own pioper spirit and 
dignity, in the rank of Thessalians and Delopians, to assist 
Philip in obtaining the supremacy of the Greeks, and to 
annul the honors and rights of our ancestors ? or if not to 
do this (for this truly were horrible), yet to allow to take 
place what it perceived and foresaw, we must suppose, for 
a long time, was about to take place, if no one should pre- 
vent ? " The rank formerly held by Athens among the 
tribes of Greece, especially during the Persian war, was 
that of leader and guide to the rest ; so that she stood as 
the acknowledged head of them all, both in civilization and 
refinement. Demosthenes contends, therefore, that she 
could not, consistently with her past history, have descended 
from this lofty position in the contest with Philip, and put 
herself on a level with the rudest and meanest tribes, who 
had submitted to become his mere tools, by joining with 
them in helping him subjugate Greece. &>s eWei/ has an 
ironical meaning here, something like oipai, § 46. 

64. e'/3ou\er ] This is also found with the augment j) in 
Demosthenes. See § 101 ; also Pop. Orat. II. § 15. — 
avvaiTias] This is an adjective agreeing with /zepi'Sos, to be 
supplied from the preceding line, and, taken with the words 
in connection, may be rendered, " whether of that party 
which shared in causing the evils and disgraces which have 
befallen the Greeks, 1 ' etc. Like u'Itios, its primitive, it gov- 
erns the genitive, and takes also the dative of the person or 
thing participated with, by virtue of the avv with which it is 
compounded. In the present instance, the dative to be sup- 
plied is *tXiW6>. — 7r\covegias] " advantage." The advan- 
tage which the states here alluded to hoped to gain from 
presenting no opposition to Philip was, that he would protect 
them against Sparta, and perhaps enable them to subdue 
this tyrannical state. For these were the hopes which he 
held out to them, and they were effectual in securing their 
acquiescence in his measures. 

65. x eL P ov W^ v dirrjXKdxaa-iv] " have come off worse than 



164 NOTES. 

we." — Kai yap] " and for," the yap referring to a clause 
understood, which m\ is designed to introduce, meaning 
" for this reason," or something of that sort. When these 
two particles stand together, strictly there is always some- 
thing understood, which the first is designed to introduce, 
and the other to confirm ; i. e. they are always employed 
where the case is a strong one and the reason obvious, and 
hence may be translated "for indeed," " for surely," like 
the Latin et enim. See § 42. The reason which the orator 
proceeds to give for considering those who acquiesced in 
the measures of Philip, or assisted him in accomplishing 
them, "worse off" than those who (like themselves) had 
opposed him, is in substance this : " that while such would 
have clearly shown themselves unworthy of the Grecian 
name, and been justly censurable for not resisting the efforts 
of Philip to obtain the sovereignty of Greece, however justly 
and mildly he might have exerted that sovereignty, how 
much better was their own case, now that he had exerted 
that power in destroying, as far as he was able, the dignity, 
supremacy, independence, and even the political institutions 
of all alike, both his allies and those who had opposed him." 
I have restored ojkos and ov< to the text, since they seem to 
be obviously required by the sense. For an account of the 
treatment of the Thessalians by Philip, who are here espe- 
cially alluded to, see Thirlw., Vol. II. pp. 132 and 133. 

66. *H W tov avp(Sov\ov .... diacbepei] " Or what was it 
necessary for the counsellor to advise or propose, the coun- 
sellor at Athens, myself? (for this makes the greatest differ- 
ence)." Athens is the emphatic word in this sentence, and 
the parenthetical clause refers to it, or rather to the fact of 
his being counsellor in such a city, which, he says, was a 
circumstance all-important to be considered in deciding 
whether the policy which he advised was suitable or not. — 
A city, he goes on to say, which he well knew had, in all 
previous time, hazarded every thing for its own elevation 
and renown, and for the common interests of Greece. This 



NOTES. 165 

was especially true in the great contest with Persia, when 
Athens displayed an energy and patriotism far surpassing 
those of any other state. He asks then of his adversary, 
what other course he could have advised, under such cir- 
cumstances and in such a city. 

67. rbu ocfiBaX/xov, k. t. X.] This, and the other nouns in 
this connection, are in the accusative, as denoting the part 
affected. See K. § 279, 7 ; C. § 57, R. 7. In the course 
of his numerous campaigns, Philip had been wounded in 
the various ways here described. — irav on.... ^v] 
" every, whatever part of his body fortune might wish to 
take away, readily and cheerfully yielding this up, so as to 
live with the remainder in honor and glory." irav properly 
agrees with /xepoy, but is separated from it by a part of the 
relative clause, which has the force of an attributive, in 
order to increase the intensity of its meaning. 1 have re- 
stored to the text the words pahius <a\ eW^o?, as they seem 
perfectly consistent with the connection. 

68. ne'AAfl] The capital of Macedonia, where Philip was 
born and brought up ; before his time a very inconsiderable 
and rude place, but afterwards adorned and rendered illus- 
trious by him and his son Alexander. — fieyaKo^vxiap] 
"magnanimity," "elevated views," "lofty ambition." — 
koL tovt, k. r. X.] " and to conceive this in his mind, while 
to you, being citizens of Athens, and witnessing every day, 
in all that is said and seen, the memorials of the valor of 
your ancestors, there should be such a want of spirit, as of 
vour own choice freely to yield up to Philip the liberties of 
Greece." The Athenians were proud of their history, and 
were in the habit of dwelling upon it much in their speeches, 
as we see Demosthenes is, and of exhibiting their achieve- 
ments in the theatre. In these, therefore, as well as other 
ways, they were reminded of the valor of their ancestors 
by what they heard and saw. The word avTenayyeXrovs^ 
" self-proposed," adds something to (OeXovras, and they 
are to be taken together as expressing a voluntary wil 



166 NOTES. 

jngness originating with themselves, without being com« 
pelled to it. 

69. Aonrov .... dtKalas] " It remained, therefore, and at 
the same time was necessary, to resist rightfully all that he 
was doing wrongfully to you." — iravra raXX', k. r. X. n " pass- 
ing by every thing else, Amphipolis," etc. Of the three 
lists of places given in this and the succeeding sentences, 
the first presented instances of daring aggression by Philip 
upon the interests of Athens, before the peace which has 
been spoken of; the second, during the negotiations con- 
cerning the peace ; and the third, after its ratification. 
Hence he says, that, in justification of his course in renew 
ing hostilities with Philip, he will say nothing of the first 
two lists, but will speak only of the third. 

70. ov8 y el yeyovev 6lba\ "I do not even know if they 
have happened," i. e. he would know nothing about them in 
this connection, would make no account whatever of them. 
— Kairoi <™, ac. r. X.] " And yet you at least said, that I, 
speaking of these things (i. e. at the time of their occur- 
rence), excited these (the Athenians) to hatred (against 
Philip), although the decrees proposed concerning these 
events (i. e. censuring the conduct of Philip) were those of 
Eubulus and Aristophon and Diopithes, not mine, O ihou 
saying recklessly whatever thou pleasest." The charge of 
iEschines here referred to may be found §§ 82, 83 of his 
speech. 

71. 'AXX' 6 ttjv Evpoiav . . . . rfjv 'Attiktjv'] " But when he 
proceeds to appropriate to himself Euboea, and prepare a 
fortification against Attica." Euboea lay along the eastern 
coast of Attica, and of course, if possessed by an enemy, 
would afford an advantageous point from which to annoy 
the inhabitants. For the advantages of its position see Isoc. 
Panegyr. p. 63. The position of iK&vos here is somewhat 
peculiar, since it usually either precedes or follows both the 
noun and the article. Occasionally, however, we find it 
inserted between them, after a word which is to be made 



NOTES. 16? 

emphatic ; as Dem. Orat. de F. L. p. 407 : rrjs npoTepas 
cKclvTjs ivpcafieLas. — rroXets 'EXXrjvldas] For the construction 
see § 18, note. — tovs cpvyddas] " the exiles," i. e. those 
who had been banished by the dominant or democratic par- 
ty. These acts, therefore, were an interference with Gre- 
cian institutions, and especially insulting to Athens, on ac- 
count of her highly democratic principles. — <pavrjvai\ Fol- 
lowed by a participle, as here, it means " to appear," 
" come forward" ; but followed by an infinitive, " to seem." 
K. §311,8. 

72. rr]v Mvo-av \eiav <a\ov pevrjv] " the so-called prey of the 
Mysians." To be called the prey of the Mysians was equiv- 
alent to being called the prey of the weakest and most 
spiritless people ; the Mysians, a people of Asia Minor, 
being proverbial for this character. — koX npohiyaiv, k. r. X.] 
" and continued forewarning and admonishing you not to 
give up these things to Philip," i. e. the possessions, rights, 
interests, etc., spoken of before. 

73. tIs twos ainos eon] " who is to blame, and of what." 
A double interrogative. For an explanation of the con- 
struction, see K. § 344, R. 7. — Ko7rpios] This, and not 
Kvnpios, has been shown to be the correct reading by Boeckh. 
Seewesen, p. 384. — eVi rrjv tov ctltov 7rapcmop7rr)v] " for the 
convoying of corn." The corn, as it appears from the 
letter of Philip, § 77, was brought from the Hellespont to 
the island of Lemnos. These vessels, being designed as 
an escort to those which brought the corn, were, of course, 
armed, and hence were seized by Philip, under the pretext 
that they were designed to aid the Selymbrians against him. 
See § 77. — o-waxOwai] In the plural because fiovXr) is a 
noun of multitude. 

74. on ol>, k. r. X.] Xeyeiv is to be understood with this 
clause, which is implied in diaXe^ovrai above, and is expressed 
below. — el Be ... . \aj3oiv] u but if Amyntas has done 
this (i. e. taken the vessels), having found the captain doing 
any thing contrary to his instructions." — kcu tovto ypd\j/ai 



168 NOTES. 

\eyecv] " that they (the ambassadors) direct him (Philip) to 
write this also." I see no objection to interpreting this 
difficult passage thus, which leaves the text unmutilated. 
This meaning of ypdcpeiv is not uncommon even in this 
Oration ; see especially § 41, where it is used in speaking 
of the contents of Philip's letter. 

75. eha irdvres oi aXXoi] " then all others rather than I." 
Dissen. — ^ov\rjs yvcopr), k. t. X.] "with the approbation of 
the Senate, the prytanes and generals, having reported the 
proceedings of the assembly, stated for their deliberation 
(exprjfidTia-av) that it was the will of the people that they 
(i. e. the Senate) should choose ambassadors," etc. The 
approbation of the Senate here, as Dissen supposes, refers 
to their adopting the measure proposed, = e'So£e rfj /3ouXfl.— 
*Api(rTo<pa)v .... clircv] " Aristophon of Colyttus, a proe- 
drus, proposed it," i. e. the decree to elect the ambassadors 
here named. What we have here seems to be rather the 
record of the substance of a decree than the decree itself. 
By -rrpoebpos must be meant one of the proedri non contri~ 
bules ; as Colyttus, the place to which he is said to have 
belonged, did not come within the limits of the tribe Hip- 
pothoontis, which is spoken of as the presiding tribe. 

76. detKvvo)] The forms in v<o are used interchangeably 
with those in vp.i. See Dem. Pop. Orat. II. § 12. — 'AXX' 
ovk . . . . irapeaxov] " But you could not ; for if you had 
been able, you would just now (i. e. in his speech) have 
produced nothing sooner than this." The design here being 
to deny both the protasis and apodosis (K. § 339, I. b), we 
must use, in translation, the tenses employed for this pur- 
pose in English, which, it will be perceived, differ from the 
Greek. See Dem. Pop. Orat. IV. 1. 

77. Aaop.idcov] As this name differs from that given him 
in the decree, § 73, and as we know that to have been a 
Grecian name from iEsch. adv. Timarch., p. 15, fin., we 
must suppose Philip to have misunderstood it, and written a 
somewhat similar word in its stead. — KaB' BXov .... eo-e 



NOTES. 169 

aQai] " In short, therefore, you appear to me to be about 
to be very silly," = " It appears to me that you will be in 
great folly. 1 ' The peculiarity of the construction arises 
from the use of the. personal instead of the impersonal form, 
which is quite common in Greek. See § 4, n. 

78. aucv fiev tov S//ftou] w without the sanction of the peo- 
ple." — Kal . . . . eaeo-Bai] " And they suppose that such a 
thing will be a revenue to themselves " ; i. e. that it would, 
by creating troublous times, open prospects of gain and dis- 
tinction to such desperate characters. — ko\ tov ^omov, .... 
elpf)VT]v] " and for the future, if you are willing not to allow 
your leaders to act with bad faith (i. e. towards himself), 
but will punish them, I also will endeavor to keep the peace." 
Instead of tov Xoinov, we find more frequently, except in 
the earlier authors, to \oitt6v, sometimes to. \onrd. Of these 
different forms, the gen. represents the time as a cause, i. e. 
an indispensable condition of the action, while the ace. rep- 
resents it as the measure, in the sing, as a unit, but in the 
plur. as composed of jo arts. Demosthenes denies that he 
was one of those censured in this letter, because he had 
nothing to do with the measures referred to. 

79. TovTcav .... rjuavTiov/jirjv] " for these I took my stand 
against, and these I opposed." Demosthenes had watched 
the course of Philip from the beginning, and made it his 
principal business to resist his encroachments, after he en- 
gaged in public affairs. — ?ypa^a] " I proposed." The oc- 
casions on which this and the subsequent embassies, etc. 
were proposed, arose out of the proceedings of Philip during 
the existence of the peace, and may be considered as some 
of the preliminary steps towards a rupture. He was found 
to be gaining influence, by his machinations with the ene- 
mies of Sparta in the Peloponnesus, when Demosthenes 
(B. C. 343) proposed, and even went upon, the embassy 
here referred to, in order to open their eyes to his true 
character and designs. The embassy to Euboea was pro 
Dosed in the same year, soon after the destruction of Porth 

15 



170 NOTES. 

mus by Philip, alluded to § 71, when he was seizing upon 
(jjforero) the island, by taking that important port ; and the 
expeditions not long after (B. C. 341), when he had estab- 
lished his partisans, Philistides and Clitarohus, as rulers in 
the two principal cities, Oreus and Eretria. The expedi- 
tion against Clitarchus was under the command of Phocion 
(B. C. 341), as also were the naval armaments (a7ro(rroAovs) 
to the Cherronesus, Byzantium, and the other allies here 
mentioned. They were highly successful, and won much 
honor, both for the captain who conducted them, and the 
minister who despatched them. 

80. twv ev TrevrovOoTcov] " those befriended." — t£>v d' . . . . 
elvm] " but to those of the injured (i. e. by Philip), who 
then confided in you, safety resulted, while to those stand- 
ing aloof there resulted the frequent recollection of what 
you predicted, and the thinking that you were not only well 
disposed towards them, but shrewd men and prophets " ; i. e. 
the arms of Athens were so successful at this time, that she 
was able to protect all who joined her as allies, while those 
who did not join her became the prey of Philip. 

81. vndpxeiv .... avrco] " might remain to himself against 
you." On account of the favorableness of their position 
for annoying them. — ko\ irepl .... Travraxov] "and that 
nothing concerning the rest might be exposed, nor any one 
examine everywhere (as he did) his acts of injustice." De- 
mosthenes alludes to these facts, in order to show how fa^ 
vorable an opportunity he had for receiving bribes in tnese 
cases, if he had been as easily bought as iEschines had 
represented him as being. 

82. Oi tolvvv .... rrj/jLcpov] " Therefore no one of these 
results was effected, O thou speaking slanderously concern- 
ing me, and saying that I am silent, having received, but 
clamor having spent. Not so you ; but. you clamor while 
you have, and never will cease, unless these (the judges), 
having disgraced you to-day, shall stop you." The results 
referred to as not having been effected were those men- 



NOTES. 171 

tioned above, viz. the permitting the tyrants Clitarchus and 
Philistides to remain in possession of their power, and the 
unjust acts of Philip to pass unexposed, on account of any 
bribes which they might offer him. Having thus presented 
the most convincing evidence of his being proof against 
corruption in these cases, the orator turns it to the best ac- 
count, after his usual manner, by placing it in strong con- 
trast with the charge of his adversary (§ 218), that he 
spoke only from the hope of pay, and, without this quick- 
ener of his eloquence, took no part in public affairs. Not 
so, he says, with his adversary, who was always clamoring 
for more, though always under pay. 

83. km Sevrepov .... ytyuofxevov'] " and this being to me 
already a second proclamation. 11 I do not see how it is 
possible (unless perhaps yeuopevov may have been the origi- 
nal reading) to avoid referring this to the proclamation of 
the crown proposed by Ctesiphon. I would suggest, there- 
fore, in order to obviate the difficulty arising from his ex- 
pressly referring to two crownings before this, §§ 222 and 
223, that perhaps that of Demomeles and Hyperides was 
not proclaimed, or, if it was, not in the theatre. It may be 
considered as something in favor of this suggestion, that 
the orator makes special mention here of the proclamation 
of the crown of Aristonicus, and in § 120, although speak- 
ing of the subject of proclamations, and of the great num- 
ber of them which had been made, is careful to say of him- 
self, merely, that he has been often crowned. 

84. 'Hye/xovos] The name of his father is added, perhaps, 
to distinguish him from the Choerondas referred to in § 54. 

— tov dycovoOeTTjv] " the superintendent of the games. 1 

85. a ... . ecpr]] See § 231 of the speech of iEschines. 

— K.ai firjv .... Tipcopias] " And surely, when deeds are 
recent and familiar to all, as, in case they seem good, they 
receive favor, so, if very otherwise, punishment. 11 This 
clause is designed to show, that the time at which the 
approbation of his conduct here referred to was expressed, 



172 NOTES. 

was the most favorable time for obtaining a true expression 
of feeling. For as irepas, see K. § 343, R. 2. 

86. tw vikclp, k. r. X.] " by prevailing in counselling and 
proposing decrees, when you were deliberating ; by the meas- 
ures proposed being carried into effect, and crowns follow- 
ing from them to the city, to me, and to you all ; by your 
making sacrifices and processions to the gods as if these 
things were good." This is a summing up of the various 
indications which had been given, that his measures, up to 
the time here referred to, had been considered most useful 
to the city, as Ctesiphon had asserted them to be. 

87. vols /xei/ SttXols . . . . vtt e/xov] " as far as arms were 
concerned, by you, but as far as policy and decrees were 
concerned (even though some of these burst with envy), by 
me." For this sense of *ro\ire/a, see § 93. — erepov] " alius 
generis." Schaf. ; K. § 246, 8, (b).— { Op<^ S' . . . . eV«- 
o-aKro)] The soil of Attica was not very productive, and 
hence large quantities of grain were annually imported, 
principally from Pontus or the region near the Black Sea. 
See Boeckh, Pub. Econ. of Ath., Bk. II., chap. 15. — 
Tvapek6a>v eVi QpJKijs] " passing along by Thrace," i. e. to 
Byzantium, occupying the site now occupied by Constanti- 
nople. It was at this time, as appears, in aliiance with 
Philip, though, as they are here represented as saying to 
him, for no such purpose as joining with him in a war against 
Athens. Indeed, it had formerly, during the palmy days 
of Athens, been in alliance with that city, and most proba- 
bly even now was secretly looking to it, as the avowed ene- 
my and opposer of Philip, for protection against his en- 
croachments. — to p.ev irponTov] " in the first place." Often 
used so with the article, §§ 151, 236. — x a P^ Kco f ia • • ■ • 
cnoXiopicei] " having pitched his camp before the city, and 
placed his engines near, he commenced the siege." eVto-rq- 
o-as has this meaning, Orat. adv. Philip, in., p. 115, referred 
to by Dissen. These were rather the preliminary steps to 
a siege than an actual siege. The events here referred to 
acre in B. C. 341 and 310. 



NOTES. 173 

88. ovutT epoTrjaoi] " I will no longer ask," M I will not 
ask again," having already asked the question in a similar 
case. — airXcos] " simply," " ahsolutely." 

89. 6 yap .... 7rpu/jpT]VTai] " for the war which then arose 
(i. e. in defence of Byzantium, etc.), besides having gained 
for you honorable renown, caused you to live (dLrjyev) with 
all things necessary for life more abundant and cheaper 
than the present peace, which these good citizens preserve, 
against the interests of their country, on account of future 
hopes ; which may they fail of, and may they neither par- 
ticipate in those things which you, who ask the best things 
of the gods, have preferred, nor impart to you those which 
they have preferred." The peace here referred to was nol 
that with Philip, which has been so often spoken of, but that 
made with Alexander, after the battle of Chseronea, which 
differed, indeed, but little from servitude. The two parties 
alluded to were the Macedonian party, to which iEschines 
belonged, and the Athenian party, at the head of which 
Demosthenes was. The former party were hoping for the 
complete triumph of the Macedonian arms and principles, 
and their own elevation in consequence ; the latter, for the 
complete emancipation of their country from Macedonian 
influence, and the reestablishment of the democracy in all 
its purity. The wish that Demosthenes here expresses con- 
cerning the former party is, that they may utterly fail of 
their hopes, and thus be excluded both from enjoying the 
benefit of the institutions which his party were contending 
for, and from imposing the evils of theirs upon them. For 
this plainly would have been a consequence of the failure 
of their hopes ; since, if the Macedonian influence had not 
prevailed, it would have left them at the mercy of the party 
opposed to them, who would have destroyed or driven them 
from the city. 

90. 'E7ri Upopvdpovos Bocr7ropi^a)] " Under the Hieromne- 
mon Bosporichus." At Byzantium the year seems to have 
taken its name from the Hieromnemon, as it did at Athens 

15* 



174 NOTES 

from the chief archon. This was the appellation of one 
class of the Amphictyonic deputies. It came into use at 
Byzantium, probably, from her connection with this coun- 
cil. The Byzantians were of Doric origin, and hence this 
decree is in the Doric dialect. Two of the prominent pe- 
culiarities of this dialect appear in the words here quoted, 
viz. the use of a for 77, and a> for ou, in certain cases. — i< 
raj ... . prjTpav] " obtaining permission to speak from the 
Senate." The provision in this respect, also, seems to have 
been the same as at Athens ; where, as we have seen, it 
was necessary for every measure to be approved by the 
Senate before it came before the people. Indeed, it is 
probable that these forms were borrowed from Athens ; as 
her constitution and laws were very renowned among the 
ancients, and would naturally be extensively adopted, es- 
pecially by those who were at any time her allies. — ko.\ 
Tolff .... IlepivdioLs] " and their allies and kinsmen, the Pe- 
rinthians." Perinthus, afterwards called Heraclea, was a 
flourishing city, situated to the west of Byzantium, at no 
great distance, and connected with it by common interests, 
and, as it would seem from this passage, by a common 
origin. 

91. 'AOrjvaiois .... XeiTovpyiav] " to give to the Athenians 
the right of intermarriage, the right of citizenship, the right 
of possessing among us land and houses, an honorable seat 
at the games, admission to the Senate and Assembly first 
after the sacred rites, and to those wishing to dwell in 
the city, to be free from all public burdens." irpdrois is the 
Doric form for np&TOLs. The last word, \et,Tovpyi.av, is the 
genitive plural Doric, and is governed by akciTovpyrjT'vs. 
The sacred rites alluded to were those by which the session 
was opened, in the same manner as at Athens ; and the 
privilege of being admitted at that time consisted in the 
fact, that, being thus admitted, their business would be 
attended to first. — arecfiavovpeuov top dapou] " the people 
crowned." This is what the statues represented, and henc« 



NOTES. J75 

iafiou may be considered as in apposition with ei'Kovas, in the 
preceding line. They were to be of gigantic proportions, 
and placed in a conspicuous place upon the banks of the 
Bosphorus, where all nations might see them as they passed 
that great commercial thoroughfare. — C09] This is the 
Doric for ouy, and stands by attraction in the accusative, in- 
stead of the dative. 

92. dno .... 'AOrjva'icov'] " of sixty talents' value, and con- 
secrate an altar of gratitude, and of the people of Athens," 
i e. commemorative of their own gratitude and of the be- 
nevolent character of the Athenians. — Kai eV, k. r. A.] 
u And in all coming time they (the people of Cherronesus) 
will not fail to be thankful, and to do them (the Athenians) 
whatever good they can." 

93. r) npoaipeais .... 7roXtre/a] " my course and policy," 
" my course of policy." An instance of hendiadys, = rj 
npoalpeais pov tt}s noXiTeias, as in § 192, or perhaps a mere 
oratorical pleonasm. See §§ 192, 292, 317. — mXoKdyaOiav] 
The KoXoKayaSos dvrjp was the perfect man of the Greeks. 
Consequently, Ka\oKaya6[a must mean " the character or 
conduct suited to such a man," i. e. " honorableness," 
" nobleness." 

94. 'Ypels 3', . . . . ecpaiveo-de] " But you, who might with 
reason have brought both many and just charges against 
them, on account of their ungrateful conduct towards you 
in former times, were seen not only not resenting injuries, 
nor deserting them when wronged, but even protecting 
them." av gives a conditional meaning to the preceding 
participle. K. § 260, 2, (5), (b). The ingratitude of the 
Byzantians here referred to was manifested in the Social 
War. — avp(3ov\ou .... prjTopa] " a counsellor and orator I 
mean." This was said to make an exception in favor of 
generals and military men, some of whom had procured 
this honor for the city. 

95. "iva .... irpaTT€iv\ " Therefore, in order that I mav 
fihow also the reproaches which he (iEschines) uttered 



176 NOTES. 

against the Euboeans and Byzantians, calling up whatevei 
of injury they may have done you, to be mere slanders, 
not only by their being false (for this I think you already 
know), but also by this, that, were they ever so true, it has 
been profitable to manage matters as I have managed them, 
I wish to relate one or two of the things honorable to the 
city done in your times, and these in few words : for it is 
always proper for a man privately, and a state publicly, to 
endeavor to perform what remains to be done, according to 
the most honorable of the deeds which have gone before.'" 
./Eschines had made great complaints in his speech (§ 85 
seq.) of the policy of Demosthenes in defending and enter- 
ing into alliance with the Euboeans, on account of the in- 
juries which they had formerly done to Athens, and the 
character which they sustained, all of which he had greatly 
exaggerated and misrepresented. Now it is these re- 
proaches which he was thus led to utter against them thai 
Demosthenes says he wishes to show to be mere slanders, 
or objections deserving to have no weight, not simply be- 
cause they were false, but also because much good had re- 
sulted from the alliance. 

96. Ka\ ra . . . . <ppovpaU] " and occupying the places in 
the circle of (around) Attica, by Harmosts and garrisons." 
The time here alluded to was subsequent to the Peloponne- 
sian war, when Sparta had wrested from Athens nearly all 
her foreign possessions and allies, and established in all the 
places thus won those odious military governments called 
decadarchies (see § 18, n.). Harmosts were the military 
governors sent out by Sparta, who exercised an arbitrary 
power over those committed to their care. See Smith's 

Diet. Antiq., Art. Harmostcz. — egrjXOere els 'AXiaprov] u ycu 

made an expedition iO Haliartus," i. e. during the Corinthi- 
an war (B. C. 395) .o assist the Thebans in relieving that 
place from a siege by the Lacedaemonians. — t&v totc . . . , 
(jLVTiaiKaKTJaai] " although the Athenians of that day might 
have indulged in resentment for many things against." Foi 



NOTES. 177 

fhe influence of fw here, see § 16, n., and for the force of 
the gen. absolute, see K. § 312, 4, (d) ; C. § 71, in. — 
n(p\ .... iroXffxou] " relative to the Decelean war," i. e. the 
latter part of the Peloponnesian war, so called from Decelea, 
a place in the northern part of Attica, which the Laceda> 
monians got possession of and fortified, greatly to the an- 
noyance of Athens. This part of the war is alluded to, 
because it was at this time that the states here spoken of, 
and most of their allies, forsook the Athenians and joined 
themselves to Sparta. Of course, then, they had reason to 
complain of them principally with reference to this part of 
the war. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 166, 6, 7. 

97. oiVo-ko)] "chamber," " cage.'" — del ... . yewa'nos] 
" but it becomes brave men, while they always embark in 
every honorable undertaking, placing before them as a shield 
the hope of success, to bear manfully whatever the Deity 
may allot them." This is one of those elegant and lofty 
sentiments in which Demosthenes abounds above all the 
other Attic orators, and for which he is thought to have 
been somewhat indebted to the instruction of Plato ; though 
the Stoics, from the nature of these sentiments, particularly 
from his so often distinguishing what is politic or expedient 
from what is right, and recommending virtue for its own 
sake, claimed him as belonging to their sect. Cicero, how- 
ever, says (Brut. 31, 121), what undoubtedly is true: — 
" Lectitavissc Platoncm studiose, audivisse etiam Demosthe- 
nes dicitur ; idque apparet ex genere et granditate verbo 
rum." 

98. vjjLa>v oi 7rpfo-/3urfpot] " the older portion of you," i. e 
of the Athenians then living and present, as distinguished 
from -rrpoyovoi, a few words before this. — ol, AaKebaipoviovs] 
The first of these words is nominative to 6\f kco A vo-are, and 
the other is governed by dve\cli>. The arrangement of the 
words is highly emphatic and oratorical. — ovS* vnep .... 
diaX^yto-afxevoi] " nor considering for men having done what, 
you would expose yourselves to danger," i. e. for what son 



178 NOTES. 

of men, how injurious men. The future is employed oe- 
cause the speaker transports himself to the time referred 
to. See § 26, n. 

99. on, Kav .... vnohoyeiaOe] " that, even if any one of 
them (i. e. the Greeks) may have injured you in any thing 
whatever, you retain indignation for these in other things, 
but if any danger overtakes them relative to their safety and 
freedom, you will neither hold the grudge nor make any 
account of it." tovtcov is the objective gen. after opyrjv, and 
refers to the collective pronoun otlovv. Observe the differ- 
ence between vnoXoylCeadai, " to take into the account," " to 
make account of," and dLakoyifcaOai, " to balance, as in 
settling an account." — ovtcos eaxn ,caT€ ] nt - " have you held 
yourselves thus," i. e. conducted thus. It was, for a reason 
already stated, of great importance to the Athenians to re- 
tain the Euboeans in their interest, and hence it was that 
they undertook the expedition here referred to, in order to 
counteract the influence of Thebes among them. Neither 
this nor the preceding instances given by Demosthenes, of 
assistance rendered to those who had injured them, were 
dictated, as is probable, by so pure a regard for their inde- 
pendence as is represented here, but by views of policy ; 
as, for instance, for the purpose of maintaining the balance 
of power between Sparta and Thebes, or checking the prog- 
ress of a rival. However, they served his purpose very 
well, in justifying the point in his policy for which they 
were adduced. The injuries alluded to as being received by 
the Athenians from Themison and Theodorus consisted in 
their establishing themselves in Oropus to the exclusion of 

the Athenians (B. C. 366). — rcov ideXovrau .... 7roAei] 

" there being then for the first time voluntary trierarchs to 
the city." Allusion is here made to the system adopted at 
Athens, after B. C. 357, for equipping galleys for the public 
service. According to this system, the twelve hundred 
richest citizens were divided into twenty syjmnorice, as they 
were called, and these again were subdivided into syntelia 



NOTES. 179 

(comprising at the most but sixteen individuals), each of 
which was bound to equip a galley and keep it in repair 
for a year. Comp. Hcrm. Polit. Antiq. § 161. On the 
present occasion, however, it was ascertained that so many 
of these syntelice had already discharged their duty accord- 
ing to the requirements of the law, that there were not a 
sufficient number left, who were liable to be called upon, to 
meet the emergency. Such, however, was the public en- 
thusiasm, that enough came forward at once of I heir own 
accord, and undertook the service, of whom Demosthenes 
says he was one. See Dem. in Mid. § 161. A trierarch, 
therefore, though originally the captain of a galley, was 
not generally at this period, but a man who equipped one. 

100. Kat'roi .... v7ro\oytadfji€voi] " But although you did 
a noble deed, even the saving of the island, nevertheless 
you did by far a more noble one than this, in that, being 
masters both of their persons and cities, you justly restored 
these to them, though they had injured you, having made 
no account of the injuries which you had received, in what 
you had been confided in." Observe the use of \x.iv and bk 
in marking the correspondence of the clauses. K. § 322, 3. 

101. roaovTocs Ka\ tolovtois] " in so great and such mat- 
ters." — vnep .... 7roieTi> ;] " what was I about to (what 
could I) urge and advise it to do, the question ((3ov\r)s) being 
in a manner concerning itself? " i. e. the city having so 
immediate and deep an interest in the matter. See § 71, n. 
— Mvrjo-LKaicelv vrj Ala] " Harbor ill-will, I dare say." A 
common use of vq Aia in answering for, or anticipating in 
an ironical way the objection of, another. See § 117; 
also, F. L., p. 390, § 174. — "Ewei to, k. t. A.] " Since you 
would not have performed the act (i. e. of leaving the Eu- 
bceans to become the prey of the Thebans), I well know ; 
for if you wished to, what was in the way ? Was it not in 
your power to do it? Were not these (i. e. ^Eschines ana 
his associates) present, ready to advocate this course ? " 
epovPTes is in the future, and consequently conveys the idea 
of being about or ready to speak. 



180 NOTES. 

102. Ka\ rovs fiev .... Kaipwv~\ " and the rich dischargee 
at a trifling expense, but those of the citizens who had ac 
quired but moderate or small possessions expending all they 
had (to. 6Wa), and besides, the city by these means missing 
opportunities." Allusion is here made to a very natural 
abuse which grew out of the system for equipping galleys 
described above. As the different classes, or symmorice, of 
those upon whom it devolved by law to bear this burden 
were allowed to unite in companies, or syntelice, for tjie 
purpose of equipping a galley, those who had capital, 01 
the richer members, would undertake to equip the vessel 
for a certain sum. And as the other members had not 
capital sufficient to undertake it, they would not of course 
underbid them, and hence they obtained the job pretty much 
at their own price. Then, by hiring it done in an indifferent 
way, and for a small sum, and exacting of the other mem- 
bers their full quota of the price for which they contracted 
with them, they often contrived to save the whole of their 
own quota, which, besides, was no greater than that of the 
poorer members. This system, therefore, was unjust in 
two ways ; ( 1) in imposing the same burden upon the 
poorer members of the companies as upon the richer ; and, 
(2) in furnishing the richer members an opportunity of sav- 
ing the comparatively small expense which fell upon them 
according to law. It resulted, further, from this system, 
that the vessels were poorly equipped, as all such job-work 
must be done poorly. Now the change which Demosthe- 
nes introduced by the law here spoken of, and which he 
goes on further to describe, was, to require one galley to be 
maintained by every ten talents of taxable capital ; so that 
only individuals possessing less than this were allowed to 
club together for this purpose, till their property amounted 
to it, while those who were worth more than this sum fur- 
nished more than one galley. No single individual, how- 
ever, could be compelled to equip more than three galleys 
and one transport. He might, therefore, justly pride him- 



NOTES. 181 

self on the superiority of his system to that wlvch he found 
in operation. For a fuller account of this whole matter, 
the reader may consult the section in Hermann, referred to 
in § 99. 

103. Kal ypafaU .... e\apcv] " And being indicted, I 
entered upon this trial before you, and escaped conviction 
(was acquitted), and the prosecutor did not receive the re- 
quired proportion of the votes." The preposition in elarjX- 
6ov governs the ace. here, as when it stands alone. C. 
§ 82, 5. See, also, below, § 105. He was prosecuted in 
this case for proposing a law contrary to an existing law 
which had not been annulled ; but, as it seems, was ac- 
quitted by the judges so triumphantly, that the accuser did 
not receive even a fifth part of the votes, which it was 
necessary he should in order to save him from incurring a 
fine and the inability to institute such a prosecution in future. 
For the force of the article with /xepos, see K. § 244, 3 ; 
C. § 49, 3. — rjye/jLOPas tcov o-ffi/xoptcoj/] " the leaders of the 
symmorise," i. e. the three hundred wealthiest members 
(see § 171), who, according to what has already been said, 
were most affected by the change in question. — didovai] 
" to offer." It frequently has this meaning in the pres. and 
imperf. See below, § 104, fin. ; also Orat. F. L., p. 293, 
§ 183 : hv rjjjuv idibov £evia>v, " which he was offering us as 
presents." For the reference of the infill, pres. to past 
time, and for the contrast in the mode of representation 
between it and the infin. aor. (Oelvm), see K. § 257, 1, c. 
— ware .... ^co^oo-m] " in order first of all (/xdXioTa fiev) 
that i should not propose this law, but if not this, that, hav- 
ing dropped it, I should leave it under protest " ; i. e. as 
the connection indicates, the protest made by the prosecutor 
against it, which had the effect of delaying the passage of 
a law until the cause was decided, and, if the proposer 
chose to drop it at that point, prevented its passage alto- 
gether. The wealthy citizens, therefore, as Demosthenes 
says, would have given him almost any sum, in the first 
16 



182 NOTES 

place, not to have proposed the law, or, even after he had 
done this, to drop the matter when protested against by the 
prosecutor, vnap-oo-ia generally means " a petition for de- 
laying a trial, for certain reasons criyen under oath." But 
as the ypacpr) irapav6pa>v had the effect of delaying the pas- 
sage of the law against which it was brought, and as it was 
often resorted to for -this purpose, the party who had re- 
course to it was required to take the same oath. Comp. 
Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 132, 3. 

104. <TvveKKaideKa \<-tTovpyelv~\ " to perform the service by 
sixteens, or sixteen together." — avTots p.ev] " themselves 
indeed." In the dative by attraction. — to yiyv6p.evov .... 
avvreXrjs] " for each one to contribute his proportion ac- 
cording to his property, and he proved to be the trierarch 
of two galleys, who was formerly the sixteenth contributor 
to one." 

105. Ka6* 6 . . . . rfjv ypacprjv] " according to which I en- 
tered upon the charge " ; so also § 103 ; C. § 82, 5. — 
rovs KaraXoyovs] " the lists," i. e. the parts of the respective 
laws which contained the principle of the assessment [tax- 
rolls). Dissen. — v6p.ov TpLrjpapxi.<bv] I have rejected els t6 
between these words, after Boeckh, Pub. Econ. Ath., Bk. 
IV., chap. 14, n. 387. One MS. is in favor of this, the 
whole connection, and the expression, § 312, rbv Tpn]papxm6v 
v6p.ov. 

106. rov Ka\bv\ Ironical. — Tovs rpirjpapxovs, k. t. X.] 
" That sixteen trierarchs be made for each galley, out of 
the companies in the divisions." Wolf suggests that Xo^oi 
here may mean the same as avp.p.op[ai. If so, the division 
into classes and companies, for the purposes of the trierar- 
chy, was founded upon a similar division of the citizens 
that existed previously to this, for the purpose of other ex- 
traordinary contributions, which is probably the fact. Com p. 
Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 162. — em 'lo-ov, k. t. X.] " sharing the 
expense equally." x°PVy^ a seems to lose its technical sense 
here, and take the more general sense implied in it. — Tovs 



NOTES. 183 

rptrjpapxovs .... SeVi] " Tliat tricrarchs be chosen to each 
galley from property according to valuation, from ten talents 
as a basis." Observe the distributive use of the article with 
TpirjpTj. K. § 244, 5 ; C. § 49, 3. — xP T ll JLl ' lTWV ] Gen. of 
price. — tt)v avrrju, k. r. X.] " and let it also be according to 
the same proportion to those to whom there is less property 
than the ten talents, they uniting into a company until their 
property amounts to ten talents." 

107. fj piKpa .... nXova-ioi ;] " or do the rich appear to 
you that they would have spent a small amount of money 
for the sake of not (being compelled) to do what is just? " 
We see the Greek idiom here, in using the personal where 
we should use an impersonal verb, i. e. Sokovo-iv, to be sup- 
plied from the previous line. See § 4, n. rov refers to the 
clause which follows it, and is governed by dva\a><rai, as a 
gen. of price. — Ov roiwv .... aepvvvopai] " Therefore, I 
glory not only in not desisting from these measures through 
collusion with them," i. e. the rich, icadvfalvai =pr(zvari 
cari. See the word in Orat. pro Megalop. p. 206. — Udvra 
yap .... dvayeo-Bai] " For during the whole war, the naval 
expeditions being fitted out under my law, no trierarch ever 
lodged a petition with you as if having been wronged, nor 
seated himself in Munychia, nor was thrown into chains by 
the naval board, nor was any galley, either having been 
seized out of the harbor, lost to the city, nor left there, not 
being fit for sea." But all these things, he goes on to say, 
did happen under the old law. The petitions here alluded 
to as lodged with the people on account of injuries, were 
placed upon the altar in the Pnyx by the poorer members 
of the syntelice, praying for relief from the oppressive bur- 
dens which fell upon them according to the former law. h 
was the same class, too, who, for the same reason, were in 
the habit of seating themselves at the altar of Artemis Mu- 
nychia, as suppliants. Probably this altar, situated in one 
of the most important ports of Athens, was the sanctuary 
to which those who were not able to discharge the duty 



184 NOTES. 

required of them by the old law fled for protection against 
the apostoleis. These officers, ten in number, constituted a 
kind of naval board for the enforcement of the regulations 
concerning the equipping of vessels, and for their inspec- 
tion after they were built. 

108. To 5' . . . . XetrovpyeZz/] " But the cause was, the 
burden fell upon the poor." — fiaanavov .... dvdgiov] " while 
there is no public measure of mine dictated by envy, hos- 
tility, and malice, neither grovelling nor unworthy of the 
city," i. e. he had been governed in his policy by enlarged, 
high-minded, and statesman-like views, and had not been 
influenced by private piques and jealousies, or by low and 
grovelling feelings, as iEschines had. 

110. to yap .... po/ufo] " for this, that I both did the 
best things, and am always well disposed and zealous to 
promote your interests, I think has been sufficiently shown 
by me by what has already been said." fxoi here is em- 
ployed as a dative of the agent with the perfect passive, ao 
it often is in Greek, instead of the genitive with imo. K. 
§ 284, 3, (11) ; C. § 59, 11. — rd peyiard ye] The final 
struggle with Philip, ending in the battle of Chseronea, to 
which he incited his countrymen. — vno\afjLJ3dvcov, k. t. X.] 
14 supposing it necessary for me, in the first place, to pro- 
duce in order the arguments relative to the illegality itself 
(i. e. of the decree of Ctesiphon), then, even though I say 
nothing concerning the remainder of my political acts, sup- 
posing that nevertheless there exists a consciousness of them 
with each one of you for me." Zfagrjs means " in their 
proper place," i. e. without digressing too far in following 
out his public measures, v/xcoy takes the construction with 
rra/aa, instead of the partitive construction after iado-rat, on 
account of the influence of virapxew (" there is from you 
each one a consciousness with me," instead of, " there is a 
consciousness to each one of you"), fioi is governed by 
wveidos. 

111. Ta>v fiev ovv . . . . SiaAe£o/iai] " Of the words, then, 



NOTES. 185 

which this man, jumbling together confusedly, spoke con- 
cerning the laws written opposite (i. e. the laws represented 
as violated by the decree of Ctesiphon, and hence presented 
before the court written out opposite to it by the accuser), I 
think, by the gods, that neither you see the bearing of the 
greater part, nor was I myself able to comprehend them ; 
but I will reason simply and in a straightforward way con- 
cerning the justice of the cause." That is, he wishes to 
show that his case is justly distinguished from ordinary 
cases of responsibility in public officers, and hence that the 
laws referred to by TEschines are inapplicable. — fcv . . . . 
ireno'XiTeviiai] " for what I have passed through my hands 
(i. e. the money which he had had the management of), 
and for my public measures." 

112. T Qv /JL6VTOI .... Tvxn] " But, indeed, for what prom- 
ising (or of my own accord) I have given to the people of 
my private property, I say — (do you hear it, iEschines r) 
— that I am not accountable for a single day, and that no 
other one is, not evei* if he be one of the nine archons." 
This is what iEschines (§ 17) calls his acfrvKros \6yos. It 
was the law at Athens, that every one who held a public 
office must, at the expiration of the period of his office, 
pass his accounts before certain officers called Logistse, and 
obtain their approval of them before he could be regularly 
discharged. Until this was done, he was considered a state 
debtor, and could dispose neither of himself nor of his 
property, the latter being pledged to the state ; neither could 
he be a candidate for any public office or distinction. Com p. 
Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 154, 14. This duty of public officers 
/Eschines had shown very fully in his speech (p. 56), and 
also that Demosthenes had not been thus discharged from 
the offices which he held. But it so happened that Demos 
thenes, in both of his offices, had contributed largely to the 
service of the state, and on this ground he contends, as the 
money which he had expended for the state came from his 
own pocket, that he was not accountable for it to any one, 
16* 



186 NOTES. 

and therefore was a proper candidate for the distinction 
proposed, without going through the formality of having 
his accounts examined. — els tovs avKocpdvras .... ifaordvat,] 
" to bring before sycophants, and empower these to institute 
a scrutiny into those things which he gave ; " i. e. to put it 
in the power of sycophants to demand that he should give 
up an account of what he had thus presented to the state. 

113. dXk y oStos .... ovto\ " but this calumniator, because 
being at that time over the theoric fund I contributed money, 
says, the Senate praised him, being undischarged of his ac- 
counts." The Senate are said to have praised him, because 
they had already passed the preliminary decree to crown 
him. — Tdvrjka>p.iva\ Three talents, according to the decree 
§ 119. — 'O fxev .... npoo-delTaij " For an account requires 
examination, and those who will examine it." — 681] " this 
one, this friend of mine here," i. e. Ctesiphon. 

114. (TTparrjycov] "while holding the office of general." 
Observe the force of the participle. — ovroal] " this here." 
He was present, most probably. — did ttjv dpxrjp] " on ac- 
count of his magistracy, or office." 

115. top enl To>v 07rXa)j/] " the general of the heavy-armed 
soldiery, or infantry." oiikiav here is used for ottXitcov, as is 
seen from the fact that the soldiers under this general are 
designated by the latter term, a few words after. It is often 
used in this way, too, by Xenophon (Anab. n. 2, 4, et pas- 
sim), and other Greek authors. This usage is precisely the 
same as that of artillery in our language. — avraj "them- 
selves." In distinction from their contents, already given. 

116. 7rpvTdi>ecov .... y^o)/^] "the prytanes bringing it be- 
fore the people with the approbation of the Senate." Cal- 
lias was the author of the decree, but it was brought before 
the Senate by the prytanes. The name of the author is 
often found first, as here, in inscriptions of decrees. Dis- 
sen. — 2a\apiva] According to Vomel (as quoted in the 
Class. Mus., No. VIII. ), " the Attic Salamis, whither he was 
ordered, in conjunction with Diotimus, after the battle on 



NOTES. 187 

the Cephissus against Philip." See § 216. — Oeo-fioOeTdi] 
41 Thesmothetse." A name given to the six inferior ar- 
chons ; so called from dea-fxoi and ridq/ut, having originally, 
perhaps, been intrusted with making laws. 

1 17. Tdvra .... df)7rov] " for assuredly there are the same 
rights to me with others, concerning the same things." 
ravra, it will be perceived, is for to. aurd, " the same," and 
governs aWois. In what follows in this paragraph, the orator 
goes on to describe the entire likeness of his case to that of 
the others alluded to. See a case similarly put below, 
§ 198. — 'Hp^oi/] "I held a magistracy, or office." — N7 
At", k. t. X.] "Yes, by Jupiter, but I exercised my office 
unjustly (perhaps you will say) ; then, being present, when 
the Logistee summoned me before them, did you not accuse 
me ? " Before this trial came on, Demosthenes had been 
discharged from his offices ; and, as he says, had given an 
account i)f these, though not of what he had made a present 
of. He therefore asks his opponent, if he had done any 
thing wrong in his magistracy, which would make his case 
different from those just cited, why he did not at the time 
of the examination of his accounts charge him with the 
wrong. This question is asked, because, at the time of a 
magistrate's passing his accounts before the Logistse, any 
one who considered either himself, or the state, as having 
been defrauded by him, was expected to appear and makt 
the charge, and he was bound to answer to it. 

118. "iva Toiwv, k. t. X.] " Therefore, in order that you 
may know that this man himself (i. e. jEschines) bears 
witness to me, that I have been crowned for those things for 
which I was not responsible, taking, read the whole decree 
which was proposed for me (i. e. that of Ctesiphon). For 
from what things of this preliminary decree he did not in- 
dict, from these he will be seen to act the part of a slander- 
er in those which he prosecutes." The point of the argu- 
ment here is this, that iEschines, by not objecting to the 
preamble of the decree of Ctesiphon, in effect allowed that 



188 NOTES 

ne was crowned for what he had given, and was not, there- 
fore, responsible for, since the crowning was there expressly 
recommended upon this ground ; and, furthermore, that the 
points of the decree which he had attacked, compared with 
those which he had not, showed him to be governed by the 
feelings of a slanderer. 

119. iiredcoKe .... 6v<xiai\ " presented to the theoric funds 
from among all the tribes (i. e. of the different tribes) a 
hundred minas for sacrifices." The theoric funds were by 
degrees diverted from their proper use, and distributed 
among the people or tribes for defraying the expense of 
various other entertainments besides those of a theatrical 
nature. See Boeckh, Pub. Econ. of Ath., Bk. II., chap. 13. 
Demosthenes contributed to the funds thus distributed the 
sum here named. This seems to be the interpretation, if 
the MS. reading be retained. But perhaps the reading Oea>- 
pols for OeapiKols, suggested by Schafer, and approved by 
Dissen and others, should be adopted. In that case, the 
present was made to the sacred deputies for sacrifices at 
some religious festival. This reading makes the construc- 
tion of €< 7racraiv rav cpvkcov (" from all the tribes," i. e. the 
whole body of deputies) easier. — dvr\ tovtov] " in return 
for these things." — To Xapelv, «. r. X.] " Acknowledging, 
therefore, the receiving of what has been given to be law- 
ful, you accuse of illegality the returning a recompense for 
them. But a man wholly depraved and detested by the 
gods, and thoroughly slanderous, by the gods, what sort of 
a man would he be ? Would he not be such an one as 
this ? " The abrupt close here, breaking off suddenly, as 
jf tired of pursuing so disgusting a subject, is very happy. 

120. &<tt ov Bvvaa-ai] ov is used here instead of firj, because 
the design is to render Svvao-cu negative, rather than the 
whole sentence. See K. § 318, 2, (h), 3, (f), and R. 1.— 
f^Xov] This word has both an active and a passive sense 
In the active sense it means " zeal," " emulation," " de- 
sire," etc., and of course in a passive sense " an object of 



NOTES. 189 

zeal," "emulation," "desire," etc., i. e. any thing which 
is esteemed desirable or valuable, and hence may be best 
rendered here " desirableness or value." — tovs dnobidovTas 
rrjv x*P LV \ "those returning the favor." — tg>v dfoav] "of 
the demi or boroughs." — ras duayopevo-ets .... dqfxois] "that 
they make the proclamations of the crowns among them- 
selves, each in their own demus." iroteto-Bai is in the mid. 
to express what they were to do among themselves. 

121. ^(piarjTai] " may vote," i. e. to proclaim, dvayo- 
peveadai being understood. jEschines (§§ 35-48), by a 
rather forced process of reasoning, as it seems to me, makes 
this exception apply wholly to crowns conferred by foreign 
states. — Ti ovv . . . . cladycov] " Why then, O wretch, do 
you bring this false accusation ? Why do you invent state- 
ments ? Why do you not purge yourself with hellebore on 
account of these things ? But you are not even ashamed 
instituting a trial for envy." The orator, having thus com- 
pleted the refutation of the charges contained in the indict- 
ment, breaks out upon his adversary in this contemptuous 
language. He represents his charges as so groundless, and 
his whole course in the trial so infatuated, as to indicate 
that he was insane ; and hence advises him to take helle- 
bore, which was the common remedy for insanity in those 
times, and thus confess his madness. — rot? ye ... . -yj/rjcpie'i- 
adai] " at least, to those who have sworn that they will vote 
according to the law," i. e. the judges. ^(pLeladai is a first 
future middle, made after the Attic Jbrm, by dropping <r, 
and then inflecting it like a contract verb in eo>. K. § 117, 1 ; 
C. § 35, 6. 

122. too-rrep .... ytyvcoo-Kopevovs] " just as if you had let 
out a statue to be made upon contract, and then had received 
it, not having what it ought to have according to the contract 
or as if men of the people are known by description, and 
not by acts and measures" ; i. e. arbitrarily setting up a 
standard of what a popular man ought to be, and then con- 
demning a 1 ! who fall short of it, just as he would a statue 



190 NOTES. 

or any thing capable of exact description. See § 168 seq, 
of his speech. For the construction of the participles here, 
see K. § 312, RR. 12 and 13. — Kai poqs . . ; . ipoi] "And 
you vociferate, calling me things decent and indecent, as if 
from a wagon, which epithets befit you and your race, not 
me." In this and the preceding sentences the orator has 
given a sort of running analysis of the speech of his op- 
ponent, in such a manner as to convey a most contemptuous 
idea of it. According to his account, he had, in the first 
place, instituted the trial from envy, and, having thus insti- 
tuted it, had resorted to the grossest perversion and even 
mutilation of the laws in order to sustain his charges ; that 
he had then subjoined some remarks upon what was requi- 
site for a public man, and, finally, had attacked him with 
the foulest abuse. The expression e| dfid^s refers to the 
custom prevalent at many of the festivals among the Greeks, 
of throwing out jests or coarse abuse from the carriages, 
while making the processions connected with those festivals ; 
and hence the peculiar meaning of 7ro[X7reveiv, § 124. Comp. 
Muller's Hist. Lit. Greece, Vol. I. p. 291, note. 

123. Kairoi .... tovto] " And yet even this." Often 
used thus in referring to some common maxim or admitted 
principle applicable to the case in hand. See Philip, n. 

§ 12 ; also, Jelf 's K. § 655, 8. — Kara ttjv avrwv (f>ixriv] 

" according to their nature " ; i. e. as Reiske says, — " seu 
lenis, mitis, sedata, seu atrox, vehemens, cita, impetuosa. 
soeva, ita probra sunt." — OlKodo^aai .... tvo\iv\ " But 1 
have supposed that our ancestors built these courts of jus- 
tice, not that, having assembled you within them from your 
private business, we should utter reproaches against each 
other, but that we should prove it against him, if any one 
perchance has injured the city in any respect." For this 
use of 'Ibios see Dem. Olynth. n. § 16. 

121. Ov fif)v .... direXdeli/] " However, not even here 
ought he to come off having less," i. e. than he had given. 
That is to say, as iEschines had taken this course, unsuit- 



NOTES. 191 

able as it was in a public trial, it was but just, to use a homely 
phrase, that he should get as good as he had sent. This is 
said by the orator in order to justify himself in entering 
upon a general criticism of the character and conduct of 
his opponent, both private and public ; which therefore he 
proceeds to do, having first asked him one question. — Eira 
ov . . . . Kpio-eaiv] '* Where then it was possible (rjv) to ob- 
.ain satisfaction from me in Ijehalf of these (i. e. the Athe- 
nians), if I had done any thing wrong, viz. at the examina- 
tion of my accounts, in the public accusations (ypacpals), and 
the other trials brought against me, you neglected it." At 
the examination of one's accounts, any one, as already 
stated, might bring a charge of malversation against him, 
and he was obliged to answer to it. Besides, Demosthe- 
nes, soon after the unfortunate battle of Choeronea, was 
several times prosecuted, in various forms, for the course 
which he had pursued, but, as he says a few lines below, 
was convicted in none of them of having done any thing 
wrong. These now, he reminds iEschines, were the occa- 
sions on which to have brought him to justice if he had 
done any thing wrong, but he had made no attempt to do so. 
125. ov 8\ k. r. A.] u but where I am clear by all things, 
by the laws, by the time which has elapsed, by the period 
within which it is allowable to bring an action (npodeapLa) , 
by my having frequently been tried before concerning all 
these things, by my never having been convicted of injur- 
ing you in any thing, but where it is inevitable that the city 
must share more or less in the glory of my public acts, 
there have you attacked me ? Beware, lest you are an 
enemy of these (i. e. the Athenians) while you profess to 
be an enemy of me." The point which the orator wishes 
to establish here is that expressed in the last clause, that 
^Sschines, whjje professing hostility to him alone, was in 
reality acting the part of an enemy to the city. The way 
in which this is made out is this : ^schines had neglected 
bringing any charge against him on the proper occasions, 



192 NOTES. 

when the city would have sustained no disgrace by it, but 
now that the proposition was to crown him for measures 
which he had proposed and the city adopted (and in the 
glory of which, therefore, they would share alike), he ob 
jected to it, thereby endeavoring not only to deprive him of 
the glory of his measures, but the city also. See the same 
subject touched again, § 207. 7rpo6eapia, more definite than 
XpoVw, means the legal time wjthin which it was allowable 
to bring an action, which in most cases was five years. 
Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 141, 5. 

126. 3 E7reidr) .... deBeiKrai] " Since, therefore, the pious 
and just vote (i. e. the vote to acquit him) has been pointed 
out to all." Wolf supposes that the orator, at this point, 
saw in his judges signs of favor towards himself and of 
indignation towards his adversary, and hence seized the op- 
portunity to draw this bold conclusion. Perhaps, however, 
it is sufficient to suppose, that he considered that he had 
said enough to convince them all which way they ought to 
vote, and therefore took it for granted that they were con- 
vinced. — avr\ .... avrov] " instead of many and false 
things (like iEschines), to say barely the most essential 
things concerning him." avra here strengthens the super 
lative, as self does in English, in such expressions as " the 
very essence itself." K. § 303, B-. 4. — pa§ia>s .... <p0eyga- 
a-6ai ;] "he so readily commences reviling, and what words 
(of mine) he criticizes, himself having spoken words, which 
who of respectable men would not have shrunk from pro- 
nouncing ? " i. e. such tawdry, pompous words, as appears 
from what follows. For the strictures of iEschines on 
certain expressions of Demosthenes, see §§ 72, 166, of 
his speech. 

127. ak\a fxrj . . . . dyopas] " but not an idle babbler, a 
practised knave." I have translated •nepiTpipp.a dyopas (lit. 
" hack of the agora ") according to the meaning given to it 
by the Scholiast on the Antigone of Sophocles, v. 320, 
namely, as = ahijpa, or veterator in Latin. See Treplrpippo 



NOTES. 193 

in Lid and Scott. The ground upon which he says that 
the wisest and purest of men, such as iEacus, etc., would 
not have used such pretending language as he had, is more 
fully explained below, in the last part of § 128, and is 
briefly this : that all truly excellent men are modest, and 
make no display of their sympathy with what is great and 
good, though they really possess it. — ZnaxOels] " offensive," 
" disgusting," i. e. because unsuited to his character and in 
every way out of taste. — coanep .... pocovra] " as if in a 
tragedy, exclaiming." Such exclamations were common tn 
tragedies, which are designed to exhibit the workings of 
strong passions. — ravra .... \iyouTos] " for these things 
doubtless you heard him speaking," i. e. in the peroration 
of his speech (§ 260). 

128. /ivTio-Orjvat] " to mention," " to speak of." — rjs rcov 
lieu, k. t. X.] " which not one of those really having obtained 
would say any such thing concerning himself, but would 
even blush to hear another one say it, while to those desti- 
tute of it like yourself, yet pretending to it through stupidity, 
the result is, that they cause those to grieve who hear them 
laying claim to it, not that they appear to be such them- 
selves." as d\r}6a>s mean, together, " really," cos having the 
effect of strengthening the meaning of the adverb, just as 
it often does the superlative. K. § 343, R. 2. tolovtols is 
put in the dative to agree with the case after irepieorip. K. 
§ 307, 2 ; C. § 70, 10. 

129. tov npcoTov] " what first." rov for otov, the direct for 
the indirect. K. § 344, R. 1 ; C. § 48, 8. — ™ rrpos .... 
£uW] " who teaches school near the temple of Theseus, 
wearing heavy stocks and a wooden collar." The x°* vl £ 
was properly a measure of capacity, and hence, as an in- 
strument of punishment, must have been a kind of stocks 
or fetters into which the feet were inserted and confined. 
As to the gv\ov, this was a heavy collar of wood, into which 
the neck was inserted, so as to prevent it from all freedom 
of motion. These were employed as instruments of pun- 

17 



194 NOTES. 

zshment, especially in the case of refractory slaves. Comp 
Esch. Man. § H3. — rols peOrjpepivols . . . . a-e] " resorting 
to the midday prostitutions (i. e. the most shameless pros- 
titution) in the brothel, near the statue of the physician 
Hero, brought you up a pretty little doll and an accom- 
plished actor of third parts." I think it clear that Hero is 
the proper name, and not Calamites, as some editions have 
it. See Orat. de F. L., p. 419, where the same person is 
called "Hpas larpos. KaXafiirrjs seems to have been a term 
of contempt for a physician, from the use of KaXapoi for sur- 
gical purposes, = " man of the probe." The orator calls 
iEschines koXov dvdpidvra, on account of the smallness and 
primness of his person ; or, according to Bekk. Anecd. 
Grsec, in allusion to the caressing expression of fond 
mothers, " my pretty little doll." The Scholiast on the 

passage says, MiKpos yap fjv 6 Alax^rjs to acopa. By TptTayco- 

vi<TTrjv reference is made to the former occupation of iEschi- 
nes as a stage-player, and, furthermore, to the inferiority 
of his rank even among those of that profession. An actor 
of third parts was the representative of the least important 
personages in a drama, especially of tyrants. See Dem. 
F. L., § 247. For a full and clear account of the relation 
of the three actors in the Greek tragedy, the reader may 
consult Muller's History of Grecian Literature, Vol. I. p. 
306. — rpirjpavXrjs'] " galley-piper." Perhaps her first hus- 
band. 

130. /3e/3iWi/] "has lived or done during his life." — 
OuSe yap .... Karaparai] " For not even of so respectable 
parentage as he finally attained was he originally, but of 
such as the people execrate," i. e. probably persons of ser« 
vile origin, who clandestinely got enrolled as citizens. The 
execration of the people, here referred to, probably, was 
that expressed at the opening of each assembly. See 
§ 282. — Xdes fiev ovv m\ Trpar]v\ This of course is to be 
taken in a modified sense. For pev ovv (" or rather," " nay 
rather"), see K. § 316, R. — £k tov . . . . rvxovo-av] " having 



NOTES. 195 

obtained this nickname, evidently, from her doing and sub 
mining to every thing." The reason of her being called 
Empusa on this account was, that this was an obscene spec- 
tre of the night. This was but a nickname, it will be per- 
ceived, her true name being Glaucis, which, by the addi- 
tion of two syllables, as Demosthenes says, iEschines 
changed to Glaucothea, just as he did his father's, from 
Tromes to Atrometus. The names may have been changed 
because they were common with the lower classes ; besides, 
the lengthened forms are more sounding, and sounding 
names are generally preferred by upstarts. In opposition 
to this account of the parentage of ^Eschines, see his own 
account of his father, Contr. Ctes. § 191. 

131. 8ia TovTovarl] " by means of these," i. e. the Atheni- 
ans. — ovx oncos] " not only not." K. § 321, 3, (c). 

132. d7ro\jrT](fiia6€VTa] " rejected." He had somehow, it 
seems, contrived to get his name enrolled as a citizen, but, 
upon an examination of his claims to that right, the fraud 
was discovered and he rejected. This was probably done 
at the general scrutiny of citizenship instituted in B. C. 
346, which gave occasion for the speech of Dem. contr. 
Eub. For the mode of deciding questions of citizenship 
among the Greeks, see Shomann, Bk. III., chap. 3. Being 
enraged at this, he retired to Philip and made arrangements 
with him to burn the navy-yards of the Athenians, for 
which purpose, at the time here alluded to, he had returned 
to the city. — neipmel] " the Piraeus." The principal port 
of Athens, where the navy-yards were. — &s iv . . . . eVoiV 
o-(v] " as if I were doing outrageous things under a demo- 
cratic form of government, insulting unfortunate citizens, 
and entering houses without a warrant, caused him to be 
released." In free governments the house is always one's 
castle. For the partitive gen. (t&v noXirav), see § 27, n. 

133. f] fiov\r] rj eg 'Ape/ov ndyov] " the council of the Hill 
of Mars or Areopagus." This was a venerable court at 
Athens, composed of the ex-archons who had filled their 



1% NOTES. 

office blamelessly, holding its sessions in the open air, upon 
an elevation of ground called the Hill of Mars, from some 
traditionaiy connection of Mars with the place. This court 
had the cognizance of all cases of homicide, was intrusted 
with the guardianship of the laws, and in the time of De- 
mosthenes, as appears from this as well as other passages, 
acted as a kind of superior court of police, making it its 
particular business to bring to justice men who might en- 
danger the state. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 109. — iv 
.... avnl3€^T]Kv7av] " having terminated in a very unfortu- 
nate result," i. e. the discharge of the person referred to. 
ov deov means properly " something which ought not to be," 
i. e. something unusual, monstrous, unfortunate, or unde- 
sirable. — enavriyayev .... tovtov'l] "had brought him again 
before you, such a wretch would have been snatched away, 
and, escaping the penalty of his crime, would have been 
sent out of the country by this fine-spoken gentleman." 
a>s here = rrpos. It is used, however, in this way only be- 
fore nouns denoting intelligent objects. 

134. Toiyapovu .... TrpoSorqv] " Accordingly, the council 
of Areopagus, acquainted as it was with these proceedings 
of this man at that time, when (ay) you, having, from the 
same thoughtlessness from which you neglect many of the 
public interests, chosen him advocate in the case relative to 
the temple in Delos, both selected it and made it arbiter of 
the matter, immediately rejected him as a traitor." This, 
I believe, expresses the proper sense of this passage. But 
it is worth while to observe how much more complicated 
the sentence becomes in English, from the necessity of in- 
troducing every clause in its strictly logical order, instead 
of placing them in the oratorical order, and leaving the 
sense to be determined from the agreement of the different 
words. KaKeLvTiv, " and it," refers for its antecedent to the 
council of Areopagus. The control of the temple in Delos, 
like that of the temple at Delphi, was a matter of the great- 
est political importance. The question here alluded to 



NOTES. 197 

was a content with the Delians concerning its superintend- 
ence ; which was finally brought before the Amphictyonic 
Council about B. C. 345, when TEschines was rejected as 
advocate on account of his supposed leaning to the interest 
of Philip. — Kal Tcivra .... eVpu£e] " and this it did, giving 
the vote from the altar," i. e. after having taken an oath at 
the altar. This custom, as appears from several passages 
in Demosthenes (Adv. Macart. § 14) and other Greek au- 
thors, was common in the courts at Athens. The practice 
was probably adopted in order to give greater sacredness to 
their decisions, by appearing to act, as it were, under the 
eye of their gods. Comp. Herod, viii. 123, 2, Wess. and 
Valck. 

135. vnep a7rdvTcov] " in behalf of all," i. e. all the court 
of Areopagus, these four being chosen to testify for the 
whole court. 

136. rod veavlov] Said rather with reference to his for- 
wardness and pertness, or, perhaps, with reference to his 
recent acquisition of Athenian citizenship, than to his actu- 
al age, as he was at this time full forty. — opoiov yi[ " is 
like, I dare say." Observe the ironical force of -ye, and see 
F. L., p. 421, § 283. — ws eV . . . . vnex^pw ^ " as if about 
to put the city to shame and show it to be in the wrong, 
then indeed I did not yield nor give way to Python, assum- 
ing an impudent tone and pouring forth a tide of abuse 
against you." noXXw peavn ( flowing with a torrent of words) ; 
like Horace's suiso multoque fluenti. Sat. I. 7, 28. The 
individual here spoken of was one of the most eminent ora- 
tors of antiquity. He was originally of Byzantium, but 
early enlisted in the service of Philip, by whom he was em- 
ployed in various public matters, but especially on embas- 
sies. For the occasion here alluded to, on which he visited 
Athens accompanied by ambassadors from the allies of 
Philip, See Thirlw. Ch. XLV. 

137. fiera rav6 y varepou] " thereupon afterwards." An 
oratorical expansion not uncommon. See § 36 : evOis, ov« 

17* 



198 NOTES. 

els jiaKpdv. — ra «arao-/co7r<a] i. e. from Philip. Having been 
sent by him to observe the movements at Athens relative to 
liberating Euboea and sending aid to the Hellespont. See 
§ 79, n. jEschines (§ 224 of his speech) says that De- 
mosthenes got up this failure of Anaxinus in order to save 
himself from prosecution. — t# $v<rei\ "by nature," "to all 
intents and purposes." — eVi t5>v arpar^ySiv'] " before the 
generals." The generals tried cases of treason. 

138. Kal yap .... e^et] " For evidently the case is some- 
how as follows " ; i. e. though he should proceed to enu- 
merate ever so many of his crimes, they would be recol- 
lected but faintly and without suitable indignation. oura>, 
though commonly referring to what precedes, occasionally 
refers to what follows. K. § 303, 1, R. 1. — hv] By at- 
traction for the ace, and governed by vTrrjpeTcov in a kind of 
pregnant sense, = " doing as a service." — v7ro<rKe\i(eiv] 
" to trip up, to thwart." — ttjs eVi .... avraXkaTTOfievoi] 
" bartering away the interests of the city for the pleasure 
and delight there is in (listening to) revilings." f]8ovJ}s is 
governed by avraWaTTop^voL as a gen. of price. K. § 275, 
3 ; C. § 54, 10. — toLs ix^pois .... 7roXire?W0at] " to take 
bribes in the service of the enemy, than to manage affairs, 
having taken a stand in your defence." 

139. fy] " quite certainly," " as is well known." Refer- 
ring to the certainty and notoriety of the act. K. § 315, 1. 
— itpb tov 7ro\efi6lv] " before the war," i. e. before the open 
renewal of hostilities. — 'AXX' eVetSj), k. t. X.] The events 
spoken of in this and the following lines have been alluded 
to before (§§ 79, 80), and explained as being some of the 
preliminary steps towards the renewal of hostilities, entity, 
in the first part of the passage, qualifies all the verbs as far 
as o ti. avOpoonos (i. e. 6 avdpanos), after €7ropeve0', means 
Philip, who is spoken of thus in contempt. lap.[Seio<j)ayos 
means, literally, " a devourer of iambics," i. e. a wretched, 
mouthing actor, tragedies being written in iambics ; or it 
may refer to his slanderous character, as iambics were used 



NOTES. 199 

in satire. — El be ... . Zdart] " But if he says (there is any 
uch decree), let him now show it during my time" ; lit. 
u during my water," the time being measured by an instru- 
ment called the clepsydra. This was a glass vessel filled 
with water, in the bottom of which there was a small aper- 
ture, through which the water issued slowly (stealing out, 
as it were, and hence receiving its name, from Kktyis v&»p), 
and fell into another vessel, by the rise of the water in 
which they judged of the time. This instrument was used 
in the Athenian courts, in most causes, to measure the time 
allowed to each speaker, which varied according to the na- 
ture and importance of the cause. — Kalroi, k. t. X.] " And 
yet there is a necessity, one of two things, either, having 
nothing to complain of in the measures proposed by me at 
that time, he does not propose others in their stead, or, being 
intent upon the interests of the enemy, does not bring for- 
ward any better than these." We have here an enthymem, 
or an abridged syllogism. Thus : " Proposing no decree 
proves one of two things ; ^Eschines proposed no decree 
(as shown above), therefore one of these two things is true 
of him." The enthymem has all the cogency of the syllo- 
gism, without its rigidness and formality. It is much used 
by Demosthenes; as, §§ 24, 47, 124, 196, 217. Odrepov is a 
kind of adverbial ace, expressing the equivalent idea to 
what follows, governed by the general idea of doing, ex- 
pressed in a modified way by the two verbs, ypdfaw and 
jxpetv. Jelf s K. § 579, 4. 

140. fiev ad»] " nay rather." See § 130, n. — Kal ra 
.... \au8dv€Lv] " And the city, as it seems, was able to 
bear other things, and this man to perform them without 
being detected." — nep\ ov . . . . irodev ;] " concerning which 
he expended the many words, or told that long story (i. e. 
in his speech, §§ 107- 135), rehearsing the decrees con- 
cerning the Amphissian Locrians, as if about to pervert th« 
truth. But it is not of this nature (i. e. so easily perverted) . 
how can it be ? " The decrees here spoken of were the 



800 NOTES. 

decrees of the Amphictyons relative to the Locrians of Am 
phissa, the gen. being of the objective kind. K. § 265, 2, 
(b) ; C. § 56, R. 1. rovs ttoXKovs, " the many," " those 
many," the article being used as a demonstrative for what 
was well known or notorious. K. § 244, 6. To 8', " where- 
as," "but" (K. § 247, 3, a). aKrj8es is understood. For 
noOcv see § 47, n. The crime of iEschines here alluded 
to was the getting up of an Amphictyonic war against the 
Amphissians, thus opening a field for the ambition of Philip. 

141. aTravras Kal Trdaras] anavras (" all together") seems to 

have been used to include both gods and goddesses in a gen- 
eral way, and irdaas to have been added as a sort of after- 
thought ("and goddesses too"). — rbv 'AnoXXco .... 7ro'X«] 
" the Pythian Apollo, who is the paternal deity of the city." 
Apollo was originally the principal divinity of the Dorians, 
but was adopted by the other Grecian tribes, to a greater or 
less extent, and especially by the Ionians, who became at 
an early period the possessors of Attica. On account of 
this adoption of the religion of Apollo, as is supposed, Ion, 
the mythological father of the Ionian race, was represented 
in the ancient legends as the son of Apollo ; and hence it 
was that Apollo was called the paternal deity of the city. 
Comp. Muller's Hist. Dorians, Vol. I. pp. 257-263. — el 
fjtiv .... Bf]p<o] "if I should speak the truth to you (i. e. 
now), and then also immediately spoke it before the people." 
— evTvxiav .... G-coTrjplav] " happiness .... safety," i. e. 
in the highest sense, as depending upon the gods. Thus 
perilling his soul upon the point, as in an oath. — npos] " on 
the side of," " out of regard to." — avavi\r6v\ " devoid of." 
Takes a gen. of privation. C. § 55, 7. 

142. Ti ovv . . . . a<podpa>s ;] " Why now have I imprecated 
these things upon myself, and why have I been so vehe- 
ment ? " The perf. denotes " had and still continues to 
have," — he still remaining under the imprecations; but 
the vehemence was confined to the simple utterance of the 
passage, and hence is properly expressed by the aor. The 



NOTES. 201 

preceding passage (which is alluded to by the words undei 
consideration) is a favorable specimen of the means re- 
sorted to by Demosthenes to enliven his discourse and re- 
lieve the monotony of narration or discussion. For this 
purpose he often suddenly breaks off the direct line of dis- 
course to make an appeal to the gods, to his hearers, or to 
his adversary ; or to press by interrogations, to recapitulate 
what he has said, or to anticipate objections ; or by pre- 
tending to shrink from the utterance of thoughts which are 
in his mind ; by professing uncontrollable indignation, and 
venting his rage in a strain of invective ; by supplicating, 
deprecating, execrating, or some of the numerous turns of 
thought which Cicero, taking Demosthenes as a pattern, 
describes as being resorted to by the perfect orator. Orat. 
c. 40. — "On .... Keifieva] " Because, although having 
documents lying in the public archives." The participle 
expresses a concession. K. § 312, 4, (d). — fxrj rwv . . . . 
eXarroi/] " lest this fellow should be thought too contempti- 
ble for the mischief done by him." avrco, dat. of the agent. 
K. § 284,3,(11). 

143. ovros .... kukcov] " this fellow is the one who helped 
him get it up, and, as far as one man can be (or " is the 
one man who"), is the cause of all these greatest of evils." 
els di/r/p is employed to limit or modify ru>v fxeyiaroiv. K. 
§ 239, R. 2, (e) ; C. § 50, R. 5. — oi fiev .... avyKadfae- 
voi] " while those sitting with him by invitation," i. e. the 
Macedonian faction. The assemblies of the people at 
Athens being open for all the citizens to attend in person, 
great facilities were presented to such as wished to cany 
any measure, or to make opposition to any, to succeed, 
even against the true sense of the people at large, by secur- 
ing the attendance of their friends, who would act with them 
by concert, and thus enable them to carry their point. Al- 
lusion is made to this practice in the words under consider- 
ation. See F. L. § 1. 

144. Ka\ /xeydAa, k. t. X.] " and you will be greatly assisted 



202 NOTES. 

by it for the investigation of public affairs, and will see bow 
great craftiness there was in Philip. 1 ' 

145. aTraXXayr)] " escape," i. e. from the contracted thea- 
tre of his country, his ports being blockaded by the Athe- 
nians (see below), and there being no way of entering Attica 
except as here proposed. — dXXa .... nana] The principal 
Athenian generals in the time of Demosthenes were Chares, 
Charidemus, Diopithes, Timotheus, Chabrias, lphicrates, 
Lysicles, and Phocion. Of these only Phocion was distin- 
guished for the higher qualities of a general, while most of 
the others were not only inferior generals, but men of little 
character. The large revenue, also, which Athens had 
formerly received from her allies, had been mostly lost by 
the Social War, which had alienated the greater part of her 
foreign dependencies ; and the rest had been absorbed by 
the theoric fund, for the purpose of furnishing amusement 
to the populace. The generals, therefore, were obliged to 
maintain their forces as they could, which was usually done, 
either by calling upon the allies of Athens, if any remained, 
for benevolences, as they were called (see Orat. de Cherso- 
neso, § 25), or, more commonly, by making descents upon 
defenceless cities and tribes, and robbing them of what they 
wanted. This gave them more the character of adventur- 
ers than any thing else, and encouraged the business of 
privateering, which is but another name for piracy. This 
is what is alluded to by XyaToov, who were private adven- 
turers, after the fashion of the public generals, seeking sup- 
port for themselves and their attendants by pillaging, if 
possible, from the enemies of Athens, but if not, from her 
allies or those at peace with her. — Ik rrjs . . . . yiyuofMevav] 
" proceeding from the country, or growing in the country." 

146. fxr}T€ .... /i^re] Used instead of ovre .... oxjre, 
because the part, express a condition. K. § 318, 5 ; C. 
§81,4. — o-vvefiaive .... KcuconadeTv] " but it happened to 
him, conquering in war the generals, of such character as 
they were (for I omit the consideration of this), whom you 



NOTES. 203 

sent out, to suffer from the nature of bis situation and the 
relative advantages of the two parties," i. e. themselves and 
Philip. tu> 7roXe/xa) is opposed to 777 (f)vaei tov T07J-0V, etc., 
which follows. 

147. (3a8i£eiv £<}> vpa*] " to march against you.'" — ov8cva] 
I have substituted this for oi^SeV av (which would be easily 
confounded with it), since the laws of the language plainly 
require it. K. § 255, 3. — to. pev .... nei-aeiv] " that he 
should carry some things by deception and others by per- 
suasion. 1 ' — noXefiov .... Tupaxr)i>] " to excite a war for the 
Amphictyons and disturbance in the assembly.'' 1 jre/»t, 
M round among," " through," " in." — els yap, k. t. A.] Phil- 
ip might naturally have supposed that he would be wanted 
in such circumstances, from his having previously executed 
with great vigor and success the decree of the Amphictyons 
against the Phocians. 

148. IcpopvTipovav] " Hieromnemons." One class of the 
delegates sent to the Amphictyonic Council by the different 
states of Greece. There was another class of delegates, 
mentioned below, called pylagorce. The principal object 
of this council or league was to defend their common sanc- 
tuaries, and especially that at Delphi. Hence, the council 
being religious in its nature, some have supposed the hie- 
romnemons to have been priests ; but there is no evidence 
of this that I know of. Their business at the meetings of 
the council seems to have been, either to prepare subjects 
for the consideration of the pylagorce, or to execute their 
decrees. For a more particular account of the nature and 
organization of this council, see Herm. Polit. Antiq. §§13 
and 14. — rSav virevavriav] " his enemies." 

149. npofiXTjOeU] " having been brought forward, or nom- 
inated " (B. C. 340) . — n6\e<os a^icopa] " dignity of the city," 
i. e. the office of deputy to the Amphictyonic Council. — 
navTa .... iptadadr)] " having dismissed and neglected all 
other things, he accomplished those things for which he was 
hired," i. e. by Philip. — pvOovs] u legends." Refcrimg to 



204 NOTES. 

the musty lore which iEschines adv. Ctesiph. § 107 seq. 
raked up relative to the Cirrhsean territory. This was a 
district lying on the Corinthian Gulf around the ancient city 
of Cirrha, which, before its destruction by the Amphictyons, 
on account of its ill-treatment of pilgrims to the temple, 
was the port of Delphi. After its destruction it was conse- 
crated to Apollo and devoted to perpetual desolation. The 
Locrians of Amphissa, however, in violation of this decree 
of the Amphictyons, as it seems, had appropriated the dis- 
trict to themselves, and were cultivating it like common 
land. This crime, iEschines, on the occasion here alluded 
to, charged upon them ; in self-defence, as he states, and in 
the heat of passion, as a retort upon one of the Amphissian 
deputies who had accused the Athenians of impiety, and ag 
deserving to be excluded from the council ; but, as Demos- 
thenes contends, at the instigation of Philip, and for the 
purpose of exciting an Amphictyonic war against them, and 
thus opening a field for his ambition. — avOpdortovs .... Ad 
yav] " men unacquainted with the tricks of speech." The 
hieromnemons are thus spoken of, according to Hermann 
(§ 14. 15), on account of their being chosen by lot, and 
hence, of course, as a general thing, being men of the 
common class, and of no experience in public business. — 
7repie\6elv\ " to survey," " set off." See the following 
decree. 

150. ovdeplau .... UeWev] " although the Locrians 
brought no action against us, nor even what he now falsely 
pretends they did. But you will see (that they did not) 
from this," i. e. what follows. iEschines, in his speech 
(§ 116), states, in justification of his attack upon the Lo- 
crians, that they were introducing a suit (dUrjv) before the 
Amphictyons to fine the Athenians fifty talents, for dedi- 
cating certain shields in a new chapel dedicated to Apollo, 
and on his attempting to defend his countrymen, one of the 
Locrian deputies inveighed against them for their impiety 
and as deserving to be expelled from the council (d . . . , 



NOTES. • 205 

irpo</wcn'£ercu). — 'EttI .... apxrjs ;] " Under what adminis- 
tration or archonship ? " Public documents or records, as 
has already been remarked, received date from such or 
such an archon. — Karexp<o] This is the second person 
singular of the imperfect middle of Karaxpuopai. 

151. fitKpov] cos delv being understood. K. § 341, R. 3. 
— tis emovo-av nvXaiav] " to the following session." Some 
put a comma after this phrase and connect it with rjXOov, 
JlvXaia was a general name for the meetings of the Am- 
phictyons, from IlvXai (Thermopylae), one of the stated 
places, and probably the original place, of holding their 
meetings. — em t6v . . . . rjyov] " brought (the matter) to 
Philip as general." rjyepova, since the suggestion of Lam- 
binus to that effect, has usually been considered as standing 
for f]yejioviav ; but Schafer supposes npdypa to be understood 
here, and quotes an altogether parallel passage from the 
Third Philippic, p. 125, where it is expressed after rjyov. 
This explanation is much the most satisfactory of the two. 

152. fj yap .... alpeladai] " for they said it was neces- 
sary, either that they themselves should contribute and sup- 
port mercenaries and punish such as would not do this, oi 
choose him general.'" — eppcbaOai eppdo-as no\\a] " having 
bid a long adieu." This infinitive means literally " to be 
strong," but was used like to x^peiv, in the sense of " fare- 
well." See the same phrase, Orat. F. L. p. 419. In othei 
places we find it with both elnelv and Xeyeii/, in the same 
sense. See Orat. de Pace, p. 62, fin. The idea conveyed 
in this place is, that Philip departed widely from his pro 
fessed designs against the Cirrhseans and Locrians, in the 
act here spoken of. 

153. pereyvcoo-av] " had repented or changed their mind." 
The Thebans, it will be recollected, had been associated 
with Philip in the war against Phocis, and were beholden 
to him for many favors. By the taking and garrisoning of 
Elatea, however, their eyes were opened to the true char- 
acter of his designs. Elatea was the principal town in tho 

18 



206 NOTES. 

eastern part of Phocis, and so situated as to command the 
denies which form the principal entrance, in that direction 
to Boeotia, and hence to Attica. — vvv . . . . enelvoi] " but 
as it is, or as the matter turned, they prevented him at least 
from a sudden irruption." vvv here refers to the course 
which events had taken in accordance with his policy, as 
opposed to that desired by his adversaries. The t6 before 
igal<t)VT]s refers to daneae'iv, to be supplied from the preced- 
ing sentence, which is used as a noun with avrbv accusative 
before it, and is governed by Zneo-xov. 

154. 'E7rt lepews] " Under the priest.'" According to 
Hermann (§ 14. 12), the archon of Delphi (who, as he 
was connected with a religious establishment, would nat- 
urally be called lepevs) was the Eponymus of the Amphic- 
tyons, or the magistrate from whom the year was named 
— iapivrjs nv^aias] " at the spring session." The council 
had two sessions annually, one in the spring and one in the 
autumn, the former at Delphi and the latter at Thermopylae. 
This is the commonly received opinion with regard to the 
meetings of the Amphictyons, but President Woolsey (Bib. 
Sac, July, 1850) makes it appear highly probable that the 
autumnal session was at Delphi, these words being regarded 
as forgeries. — awedpois] Hermann supposes these to be 
the same as the hieromnemons. — r« kolvw] " the com- 
mons," i. e. the body of the citizens who happened to be 
present from the various states belonging to the league. 
These, according to the author just quoted, constituted the 
assembly, while the two classes of deputies corresponded 
to the senate in a democracy. This decree, it is probable, 
was passed at the session at which iEschines attacked the 
Amphissians ; that which follows, at the following session. 

155. to Koivbv .... awebpiou] The Amphictyonic Coun- 
cil was called the common council or congress of the 
Greeks, because it embraced nearly all the original tribes 
of Greece, together with their colonies. Herm. § 12. — 
*Apxai> Mvjjo-iOeidrjs, k. t. X.] The beginning of the decree 



NOTES. 20T 

by which iEschines was made pylagoras, which designated 
the year in which the above transactions took place, which 
was B. C. 310. 

156. cos oi>x .... 0?7/3atoi] " when the Thebans did not 
listen," i. e. to his proposition to unite with him against 
Athens. — ras dcpoppas] " starting-points," " facilities," 
" means." 

157. rols drifjuovpyo'is .... crwedpois] " to the magistrates 
and councillors." drjpiovpyoi were magistrates common in 
the Peioponnesus. Miiller, Hist. Dorians, Vol. II. p. 144. 
— nXripfieXovcriu els] " offend against." — \erj\arovai] " plun- 
der," " ravage." — els rrjv Qconida] els is used on account 
of the previous motion implied in vvvavrare (come and meet). 
K. § 300, 3, b. — eWo-rcoToy firjvos] " the present month." 
This is governed as' a gen. of time. K. § 273, 4, (b) ; C. 
§ 54, 13. There is some difficulty in making out the cor- 
respondence between the Attic month Boedromion and the 
Corinthian month here named, since Panemus corresponded 
to the Athenian month preceding Boedromion. But Boeckh 
(as cited by Dissen) supposes this to have been an interca- 
lary year at Corinth, and this month to have been carried 
forward in consequence. — ToTs- Se, k. t. X.] The reading 
here adopted is that supported by the best authority, and yet 
no possible sense can be extracted from it. There can be 
no doubt that the text in this place is corrupt. Schafer pro- 
poses, in so desperate a case, to leave out all that intervenes 
between xpV^peda and emCintois, which would leave a kind 
of sense to the passage, which is all that can be said of any 
of the emendations which have been suggested. 

158. Mr; Tolvw .... avOptoirov'] • " Do not, therefore, O 
men of Athens, going around (i. e. walking up and down 
the agora, as the Athenians were wont to do, " either to tell 
or to hear some new thing"), say that Greece has suffered 
such things from one man alone," i. e. Philip. 

159. p.T)8ev ev\a(3r)devTa] for one " fearing nothing." — 
uAirq/noi/] homo piacularis, i. e. " a man laden with the guilt 



208 NOTES. 

of," "the guilty cause." — *Ov onus .... aK^eias] "Whom 
that you did not by any possibility (7rore), as soon as you 
saw him, turn away from in disgust, I wonder ; but, as it 
seems, there is a certain thick darkness with you before the 
truth," i. e. between them and the truth. The pres. tense 
is employed, as expressing a general truth, implying that 
the Athenians were very slow in detecting rogues. 

160. tovtois ivavTiovjj.evos] " opposing, or in opposition to 
these things." — ra e'pya] " the realities." Opposed to tovs 
\6yovs below. 

161. 'Opcbv yap .... diereXow] "For seeing the Thebans 
and almost you, through the influence (vno) of those seek- 
ing the interest of Philip, and corrupted in each state (i. e. 
Athens and Thebes), overlooking and not at all guarding 

against what was dangerous to both and deserving of much 
vigilance, viz. the permitting Philip to increase in strength, 
but on the contrary being ready for enmity and collision 
with each other, I continually watched that this might not 
be," i. e. that there might not be a rupture between Athens 
and Thebes, and thus Philip be permitted to gain strength 
by their disunion. 

162. ' ApiarocpcbvTa .... Ev(3ov\ov] Two distinguished 
orators at Athens, and friends of iEschines, when living ; 
but who, as appears from what follows, were dead at the 
time of the delivery of this speech. — ravTrjv rfjv <pCklav\ 
" this friendship or alliance," i. e. of Athens and Thebes. 

— eavrols] *Used reciprocally. K. § 302, 7 ; C. § 48, 5. 

— Ktvados] " fox," i. e. an artful, knavish fellow ; similar 
in import to another designation which he gives him, irepi- 
rpippa dyopas. See § 127, n. — alo-Odvei] The more com- 
mon reading, aloxvvri, is evidently incorrect, as it is incon- 
sistent with the connection, especially the reason which is 
given in the following clause. — a yap .... doKipaadvTcov] 
" for in what you charge upon me concerning the Thebans, 
you censure them much more than me, since they approved 
of this alliance before I did." 



NOTES. 209 

163 (rvpnepauapeucov .... (\dpav] " while (Se) his Othel 

coadjutors united with him in completing the enmity against 
he Thebans. 1 ' — eXdelv (cf> yjpas] u advanced against us," 
. e. by suddenly turning aside from his course against Am- 
phissa, and taking Elatca, and, as it would seem from the 
following decree, some other cities in the same vicinity. — 
Ka\ el /lit) . . . . Tj8vur)6rjfi€u] " and unless we had previously 
roused ourselves a little (i. e. in order to effect a union be- 
tween the two cities), we should not even have been able to 
recover ourselves." In some MSS. avrovs, and in others 
avTovs, is found after avoAa/3ai/, while in others neither form 
is found. This latter seems to me to be the preferable read- 
ing, since the second seems to give a wrong sense, and the 
first is not required by the usage of the verb. — ouro] This 
qualifies nappa, but is separated from it, as is often the case. 
See §§ 33, 220, n. — y Ev ols, k. t. A.] " But in what condi- 
tion you were at that time in respect to your relations to 
each other, having heard these decrees and answers, you 
will know." 

164. Pov\t}s .... yva>pr]~\ i. e., probably, " brought for- 
ward by the generals, approved by the Senate, and now 
passed by the people." — as piv] Used demonstratively for 
ras piv ; K. § 33 1 , R. 1 ; and responded to by nvas Se, in- 
stead of as de. — paXiara /xeV] " especially," " above all 
things." Always indicates the first choice among two or 
more things or courses of action. See §§ 267, 324. — 
n-pos to fiov\evo-ao-6ai] " for consultation," " deliberation." 
— ras dvoxas] " the truce," " armistice." A noun used 
mostly in the plural, like inductee. 

165. 7ro'\epdpxov] This was the title of the third archon 
in point of dignity. The title was given him originally on 
account of his acting as general in the army ; but this did 
not belong to his duties in later times. — inetdf] .... Kara- 
a-Trja-ai] " since Philip is endeavoring to place the Thebans 
in estrangement towards us, or to estrange the Thebans 
from us." — 7rapaPaiva>v .... crvvOrjKas] " violating the StipU' 

18* 



210 NOTES. 

lations existing to him on our part," i. e. between him ana 
us. Referring, perhaps, to the peace so often alluded to ; 
but, as some suppose, to another peace after the war of 
Byzantium. — ottcos ivdexopevcos] " that as far as possible," 
i. e. considering the circumstances of the case. — ml yap 
.... tcov /zerpiW] " for as yet they (i. e. the people) have 
not determined to come to the aid (i. e. to the defence of 
their territory and interest against Philip) in any ordinary 
circumstances." 

166. cupeo-iv] " choice," " feeling," " inclination." — 
npoaKakecraadai] " to entice to yourselves." — BeXnov . . . 
io-Tapevcov] " But they thinking better (becoming wiser) 
and not wishing to yield their choice to you, but standing 
upon their interest." e<£' == " under," " in the power of.' 
See § 215, n. — irapcmep.y\ravTes\ " having sent away," " dis 
missed." 

167. dvaveovade] " you renew," " remind of." — IlpoVe 
pov] " Formerly," i. e. before he received the letter re 
ferred to. — to. npos .... dprjvriv] " to have sought peace 
with us." For the construction of e'xeiv as an auxiliary with 
a part., see K. § 310, 4, (k). — fjadrjv] " I was rejoiced." 
A first aor. pass, from rjdopai. 

168. cos ovt)' .... er)(3alcov] "as if we and the Thebans 
should not conspire together, even if any thing should hap- 
pen," i. e. even if any such flagrant act as the taking of 
Elatea should be done by him. o-vpTrvevaovrcov has the same 
meaning as our word conspire, and is of precisely the same 
origin ; meaning, like that word, literally, " to breathe to- 
gether," and' figuratively, " to agree or unite, together." 
For its construction with eb? aV, see K. § 312, 6 ; C. § 71, 
m. 1. 

169. rJK€ S' . . . . 7rpvTav€is] " and a certain one came an- 
nouncing to the prytanes." cos — els or irpos. This has 
I'ustly been considered by critics as a masterly description. 
The circumstances are so happily selected, and so briefly 
and forcibly presented, that we seem to see the tumultuous 



NOTES. 211 

excitement which is described. — ctjavaaTavrcs .... eicaXovv] 
All the circumstances here mentioned are indicative of 
great excitement ; the prytanes leaving their meal half 
eaten ; some of them proceeding to disperse the hucksters 
around the agora, and to burn their sheds (or rather, per- 
haps, the fagots, see below), while others called the gen 
erals and the trumpeter. Various reasons, none of them, 
however, very satisfactory, have been assigned for the dis- 
persing of the hucksters and burning their sheds ; such as 
the design of forcing them from their employments and 
securing their presence in the assembly ; or of clearing 
away all obstructions to the hurried approach of the people 
to the assembly. But as the people did not meet till the 
next morning, and as, consequently, measures might have 
been taken in the mean time to secure these ends without 
resorting to so violent acts, the conjecture of Schafer seems 
more reasonable, viz. that these sheds, being of combusti- 
ble materials, were ordered to be burnt as a signal, so as to 
call in the people from the country as extensively as possi- 
ble. But more probably these yeppa were not the sheds of 
the hucksters, but the hurdles which were used ordinarily 
to surround the place of assembly : or, it may be, simply 
bundles of fagots, kept to be burnt for signal-fires upon extra- 
ordinary occasions. The generals were summoned so as to 
make the necessary military preparations, and the trumpeter 
as a usual attendant. — Tjj 5' . . . . r)H-*P<*] " On the follow- 
ing day early in the morning " ; lit. " at the same time 
with the opening of day." — vpels] " you," i. e. the people 
generally, in distinction from the Senate. — ko.1 nplv .... 
KaOrjro] " and before that (the Senate) had time to deliberate 
and pass a preliminary decree, the whole people were seat- 
ed above." This, too, was an evidence of extraordinary 
excitement, since ordinarily there was great difficulty in 
getting the people together to transact business ; for which 
purpose a small compensation was given to those who were 
there promptly, and even compulsory means were resorted 



212 NOTES. 

to, at times, to secure their attendance. But on this occa- 
sion, such was the excitement, that they all assembled be- 
fore the Senate had agreed on a decree to submit to them 
for approval. The people are here spoken of as having 
taken their seats above, on account of the Pnyx, in which 
they met, being in a more elevated situation than the Senate- 
chamber. 

170. ela^Xdev rj (3ov\t}] i. e. into the assembly. Not the 
whole Senate, but only the fifty prytanes and the nine pro- 
edri, who regularly attended the meetings of the assembly. 
See Grote's Hist. Greece, Vol. IV. p. 139 ; also § 29, n. 
— Kaicelvos .... ovbeis] " and he spoke (i. e. the messen- 
ger), the crier asked, i who wishes to harangue the people ? ' 
but no one came forward." This invitation was given at 
the opening of every assembly. Originally the crier called 
upon any of the citizens over fifty years old to speak first, 
and after them any others who wished. But this custom 
soon fell into disuse. — rjv yap .... fjyeto-Baij " for the voice 
which the crier sends forth according to the laws, this it is 
just to consider the common voice of the country." 

171. napikBelv] "to have come forward," i. e. to the 
Bema, to harangue the people. — ol TpiaKoaioi] " the three 
hundred " (arising would have advanced to the Bema). 
These were the three hundred richest citizens, who formed 
the first quarter of each of the twenty symmorise who were 
bound to discharge the duties of the trierarchy (§ 99, n), 

Called, § 103, riyepoves tcov crvppopicbv. el Se . . . . eTrolrjaaiA 

" but if for those being both these, viz. both well disposed 
towards the city and rich, they (would have come forward) 
who afterwards made so large contributions to the state ; 
for they did this from their patriotism and wealth." Refer- 
ence is here made to the ot! ?r wealthy citizens not included 
in the first class, who nevertheless, in the ensuing struggle 
with Philip, made great sacrifices in defence of their 
country. 

172. ak\a .... aoYJ??] "but for one having attended 



NOTES. 213 

closely to the course of events from the oeginning." This 
s a phrase of precisely the same nature, ind of nearly the 
same form, as that used by the Evangelist Luke in the first 
part of his Gospel, in allusion to his qualifications for such 
an undertaking : noprjKoXuvOrjKoTL avwOtv naaiv a.Kpi(3o)s. 

173. 'EcpdvTjv .... eyo>] " I therefore appeared such an 
one on that day." For this use of ovtos (very much like 
tolovtos), see § 236 ; also Soph. Antig. v. 66. — ttjv rrjs nJ- 
voias rdgiv] " the post of patriotism." — egriratfprip] " I was 
proved or found." This verb properly means " to exam- 
ine," " to test," but it here expresses the result of a severe 
test or examination. 

174. cos ... . QiKimrcp] " as if the Thebans were devoted 
to Philip." For the part, in the gen. absolute with «?, see 
§ 168, n. 

175. TJ\r](Tiov .... fiiaaBaxTLv] In this passage the orator 
gives the reason which he supposed influenced Philip to 
take the step in question. 

176. « ti . . . . fxefxvrjaOai] " if any thing unpleasant has 
feen done by the Thebans towards us, to call up this." bvv 

koKov is a softened expression for ddUov. — etra .... ytvrjcrde] 
" then I fear lest those (of the Thebans) now opposing, 
having received him, and all with one consent having united 
themselves to Philip, they should both advance against At- 
tica. Nevertheless, if you will listen to me, and surrender 
yourselves (lit. be) to the consideration, not to contending 
about what I may say." <pi\i7r7no-dvTa>v, literally, " Philip- 
izing." 

177. enavelvai] " to lay aside." This is the second aorist 
infinitive, from iiravi^fu. — fxeradeadai'] "to change your 
view." Used absolutely. — eireir , k. t. X.] Eleusis, the 
place here spoken of, was a town in Attica, lying towards 
Thebes from Athens, and therefore a desirable place as a 
rendezvous for the forces in order to counteract at Thebes 
the influence of Philip's army stationed at Elatea*. The 
age of majority at Athens, here spoken of C^AiKia), was 



214 NOTES. 

nineteen, at least as far as liability to military duty was con- 
cerned. Comp. Herm. Polit. Antiq. § 123. — tva rots .... 
irj'j " that there may be to those at Thebes preferring youi 
cause, equally (i. e. with the faction in favor of Philip), 
courage to speak in defence of their rights, seeing that, as 
there is a force at Elatea ready to assist those selling their 
country to Philip, thus you are ready and will assist those 
who wish to contend for their liberty, if any one advances 
against them." The two factions at Thebes, that in favor 
of Philip, and that in favor of uniting with Athens against 
him, were very equally divided, and it was only by the 
most energetic and untiring efforts that Demosthenes gained 
the voice of the majority in favor of his measures. 

178. KeXevco] " I direct," " I advise." — Kvpiovs] " direc- 
tors." — kcu rod . . . . e|d8ou] " both of the time when it is 
necessary to march thither, and of the expedition itself." 
Wolf considers these specifications as meaning the same 
thing, but Reiske justly says, in reference to the distinction 
between them, " De tempore modoque expeditionis, quan- 
do, et quantas numero copias, exire oporteat in castra versus 
Thebas." — ircos .... KeXevcoaiv] " how do I advise to con- 
duct the matter ? For ascertaining this give your mind 
very attentively to me. (I advise) not to ask any thing of 
the Thebans, for the occasion is disgraceful (or it is dis- 
graceful to do so on such an occasion), but to offer to assist 
them if they urge it." The sense of the passage is this : 
That they should not ask aid of the Thebans, but rather 
offer them aid, since it would be disgraceful to appear to be 
seeking aid for themselves, when the Thebans were in so 
much more immediate danger. — tv iav .... neTrpaynevov] 
" that in case they should receive these proposals, and com 
mit themselves to us, we may both have accomplished what 
we desire (i. e. a measure important to Athens), and may 
have done it under a pretext worthy of the city (i. e. from 
a. regard for Thebes) ; but if, on the contrary, it should not 
happen that you should gain your object (i. e succeed in 



NOTES. 215 

Jie negotiations for an alliance with Thebes), that they may 
reproach themselves, if in this case they fail of any thing, 
while nothing disgraceful or grovelling shall have been clone 
by you." 

179. oCk ewrov, K . r. X.] "I did not speak of these things 
indeed, and yet not propose them," etc. This is an in- 
stance of the climax, so called, on account of the sense 
rising step by step like stairs (k\lixci£). 

180. povXei] This is a common form of the second per- 
son singular indicative of this verb, instead of (3ov\rj. While 
the clerk was getting ready to read the decree just called 
for, the orator employs the time in rendering ridiculous, in 
view of his eminent services on this occasion, the nick- 
name Batalus, given him in youth on account of his stam- 
mering (often alluded to by iEschines in his speeches, as 
F. L., p. 41). I am aware that a different origin has been 
assigned to this name, which iEschines follows in his ora- 
tion against Timarchus (p. 18). But this is evidently noth- 
ing more than a play upon the word, as fidraXos, according 
to Passow, meant both a stammerer and an effeminate or 
debauched person ; which latter meaning iEschines gave 
to it, on account of its conveying a greater reproach. Fur- 
thermore, the common tradition that Batalus, from whom 
the name was derived, was a flute-player, would seem to 
indicate that the nickname had reference to some defect in 
the manner of his speaking ; as the blowing of wind-instru- 
ments often affects the voice, and especially gives to the 
performer that inflation of the cheeks which is common in 
mouthing and bad speakers. At all events, it seems evident 
that Demosthenes understood it so, from his proceeding at 
once to compare himself in this character with jEschines 
as a bad actor, — as an lajifieiofyayos, or " eater of iambics." 
And this, by the way, is probably what is alluded to by 
cVeVpt^a?, " you murdered," a few lines below. — elvai 6o>] 

' set down to be, or as being " — BovAei .... ovc^y] 
" Do you wish (me to set down) myself to be one whom 



216 NOTES. 

you reviling and deriding might call Batalus, but (to set 
down) you as no ordinary hero, but one of the heroes of 
the stage," i. e. such characters as he, as an actor of 
third parts, had represented. — KoXutt©] This was the least 
respectable quarter of the city, lying northeast of the tem- 
ple of Theseus. To have failed in such a place added to 
his disgrace. See Wordsworth's Athens and Attica, p. 179, 

182. 'EWrjvidas iroXeis] " Grecian cities." noheis is here 
placed in apposition with its parts, as ph, nvas Se, and ivlas 
be> instead of being in the gen. and governed by them. K. 
§ 266, 3. The cities referred to in the text, just above, 
have been before mentioned (see §§ 60, 70), but it is un- 
certain what cities these are, unless they may be those 
mentioned in § 164. — ovdiv .... xp<*>H- evo $] " doing nothing 
abhorrent either to the spirit of his country or to his own 
character, and using his present fortune intemperately." 
The genitives irarpibos and rponov are governed by dXkorpiop. 
K. § 271, 3 ; C. § 54, 1. 

183. Kal €cos .... 7rX?7/A/ieXeto-0ai] " And as long as they 
saw him destroying barbarous cities, although their own 
(i. e. cities out of Greece belonging to Athens), the people 
of Athens considered of less importance the offence com- 
mitted against itself." 

184. dedoKTat] " it has pleased," or " it has been decreed." 
Taylor proposes to substitute SeSo'x&u instead of the indie, 
making it depend for government, as is usual in decrees, 
upon eiTrei/, near the beginning. As, however, this emenda- 
tion is purely conjectural, it is better to suppose that, as the 
preamble had been long, its proper dependence was over- 
looked, and therefore a different mood adopted. — rfpao-i] 
" heroes." These were mythic characters who had been 
deified, and were regarded as demigods and tutelary divini- 
ties by the people. — SioVt .... inoiovvro] " that they (their 
ancestors) considered it of more importance." Sidn = ort, 
§§ 167, 184. K. § 338, 2. — ivr6s ILv\S>v] " within Ther- 
mopylae." The object of directing a squadron to this place 



NOTES. 217 

was, to cut off Philip's communication with his country, and 
otherwise to annoy him in that quarter. 

185. tou 4>iAi7T7roi>] Governed by KUTcm'hayevTas. K. § 279, 
5. — koi on . . . . d\\r)\as] " and (to say) that the Atheni- 
ans, forgetting all injuries, if formerly there has been any 
estrangement to the two cities towards each other," i. e. 
between the two cities. 

186. "En 8e . . . . 6fjLO(f)v\a>] " And besides, neither do the 
people of Athens consider the people of Thebes alien from 
them, on account of their relationship not only in origin but 
in race," i. e. they were of Grecian origin like themselves 
(which Philip was not), but whether any closer relationship 
existed between them is not certain. The whole sentence 
being rendered negative by ovde, the negatives (ovre .... 
ovre) in the two distributive clauses should be rendered posi- 
tively in English. — kcu yap tovs 'H/xikAcW, k. r. A.] The 
allusion here is to the migration of the Dorians from the 
northern regions into the Peloponnesus, under the name of 
" The Return of the Descendants of Hercules." This ex- 
pedition is represented as having been undertaken by the 
descendants of Hercules in order to recover the right to the 
dominion of the Peloponnesus, of which their illustrious 
ancestor had been deprived by Eurystheus. Now the Athe- 
nians, as it happened, had assisted them in making good 
their claims ; which was considered as a kindness done to 
the ancestors of the Thebans, because Hercules, when ex- 
pelled from the Peloponnesus, was received at Thebes, and 
became a The ban hero. The other act of kindness here 
alluded to consisted in receiving (Edipus, their king, with 
his children, when banished from Thebes in obedience to 
the direction of an oracle. — This strikes me as a genuine 
decree of Demosthenes. For, aside from its great length, 
which seems to have been characteristic of his decrees 
(iEschin. contr. Ctes., § 100), it is characterized by his pe- 
culiar magnanimity and reverence for the past. 

188. Avttj .... tuvtojv] " This was the beginning and 
19 



218 NOTES. 

firsi establishment of affairs in regard to Thebes (i. e. of a 
good understanding with Thebes), in matters previous to 
these measures the cities having been drawn into hostilities, 
and hatred, and distrust, by means of these," i. e. iEschines 
and his associates. 

189. 'O yap .... <rvKo(pdvT7]s] " For the counsellor, and 
the malicious accuser." The difference here pointed out 
between these two characters is just and important. The 
counsellor fearlessly gives such advice as the emergency 
requires, and risks the consequences ; but the sycophant, 
avoiding all responsibility by his silence on such occasions, 
watches only for evils flowing from the measures of others 
at which to carp and find fault. The distinction is very 
much the same as between the statesman and the mere 
politician. 

190. 9 Hv fi€v .... Kaipos] " That, therefore, as I said, was 
the proper time." — eyo> Se . . . . 7roiou/*ai] " I go so far." 
l>7rep(3o\r)v rroiovpai is a circumlocution equivalent to v7rep/3aX- 
Vg). See F. L., p. 447, fin. — ivrjv] " it was possible," i. e. 
to choose or adopt, upoaipficrBai being understood. See § 193. 
— Ei yap .... \adelv] " For if there be any measure, 
which any one even now has discovered, which, if taken at 
that time, would have been useful, I say that this ought not 
co have escaped my notice." \av6dveiv, though apparently 
intransitive in many cases, properly takes the ace. K. 
§ 279, 4. 

191. tovtovo-l] " these," i. e. the Athenians. 

192. a^eircu] " has been put aside," and therefore " is 
disregarded." The orator proceeds to state in few words 
what a counsellor or statesman has to do, and consequently 
from what points of view his own measures should be judged 
of in the scrutiny which he calls upon his enemies to sub- 
ject them to. He has not, he observes, any thing to do with 
the past, but only with the present and future. His own 
measures, therefore, should be judged of exclusively with 
reference to the dangers which already existed, and those 



NOTES. 219 

which threatened them in future. Besides, it was the wis- 
dom of his measures with reference to these two points of 
time, and not their issue, which was to be considered ; since 
the issue of all things is in the hands of the Deity, and 
cannot be controlled by man. — 17 Se npoaipeo-is avrr)] " but 
the very aim, plan, or motive" (of one's policy), i. e. 
without reference to the results to which it had led. — 8id- 
vouiv] " purpose," " mind," " state of mind." See § 210. 

193. ev€o-TT)<rdfXT]u] " I instituted," " set on foot." 

194. Ei S' 6 o-v/jipas, k. t. X.] "But if the tempest (or 
storm) that befell (i. e. the attack of Philip) has overpowered 
not only us, but all the other Greeks, what ought to be 
done ? Why, just, as one would do if a person should ac- 
cuse of the shipwreck the owner of a ship who had done 
every thing for safety, and provided the vessel with every 
thing by which he supposed she would be secure, but which 
afterwards encountered a storm, when her tackling labored 
or even gave way altogether." Sv refers to a suppressed 
predicate, to be supplied from the preceding verb, which 
predicate is more definitely explained by (pfjaeuv below, with 
which the particle is repeated. K. § 261, 4. vavKhrjpov 
means the owner of the ship, or the one who fitted it out, 
and not the pilot or captain. For the rendering given to the 
participles in the latter part of the passage, see K. §§ 309, 
3, (b) ; 312, 4, (a). 

195. oiW .... 7rpS£ai] " it was fated for us to come 
off, or fare, thus." For this rendering of Tvpd^at., see § 252, 
n . — i^p ov . . . . (pcovds] " for which (i. e. that the The- 
bans might join themselves to him) he (Philip) used every 
argument, or exerted all his power of lungs." — ttjs pdxv?] 
" the battle," i. e. of Chseronea, this being the decisive bat- 
tle, in which the struggle with Philip ended. Chseronea 
was a city of Boeotia, as Demosthenes here states, three 
days' journey from Attica. — *Ap olad .... totc d* — ] " Do 
you (iEschines) know, that now, indeed (i. e. the counsels 
of Demosthenes having been followed), to stand, to assem- 



220 NOTES. 

ble, to regain breath, many things of what tended to the 
safety of the city one, two, and three days gave ; but then'''' 
— . The consequences intended to be implied are left to 
the hearer's imagination The mark of interrogation is 
wanting, on account of the incompleteness of the last clause. 
vvv and rore are opposed to each other : and as the former 
refers to the circumstances of the case alluded to, the latter 
must refer to what would have followed if events had taker. 

a different Course. Ka\ to TrpoftakecrOai .... avppaxi-av\ 

" and the placing before the city this alliance," i. e. the 
protecting the city by the alliance with Thebes. 

196. poi] " on my part." Ethical dat. K. § 284, 3, (10), 
d. — rrjs avTTj? .... aXXois] " you are guilty of the same 
ignorance with others." SXXois is governed by ttjs avr^s, 
which is an adjective of likeness. K. § 284, 3, (4) ; C. 
§ 59, 5. 

197. ov yap .... exP Sl/ro ] " f° r ( na cl you proposed any 
better measures) they would not have adopted these," i. e. 
of mine. — onep 5' . . . . i^rao-ai] " but what a man of the 
most detestable character and most hostile to the city would 
have done, this you have been found doing after the results 
or calamities," i. e. bringing Demosthenes to trial as the 
other sycophants did the friends of Athens, and conse- 
quently enemies of Philip, in the other places mentioned 
below. The phrase inl ro\s avpfiao-iv, " after the results," 
is introduced in opposition to els ravra above, in order to ex- 
hibit iEschines as maliciously active after the fate of h : s 
country was decided, but stupidly indifferent while its fate 
was pending. 

198. KaiVot .... dTreKeiTo] " And yet, to whomsoever the 
misfortunes of Greece were reserved, for him to become 
famous by them." The peculiarity of the construction con- 
sists in the finite verb being used personally instead of im- 
personally. See § 4, n. — na\ otg> .... i^dpols] " and to 
whomsoever the same times are profitable as to the enemies 
of the city." Kai before rot? .... ix^pols makes the construe- 



NOTES. 22 J 

tion coordinate, instead of leaving this dat. to be governed bj 
ol afoot. K. § 284, R. 3 ; C. § 59, R. 2. — ArfKots to] « Bu, 
you show this," i. e. that he was no friend of his country. — 
"Qa-nep .... kiv(Itcil] " As fractures and sprains, when any 
evil (sickness) seizes the body, then are affected." Allusion 
is here made to the physiological fact, that fractures and 
sprains, which in a healthy state of the body have not been 
felt for years, are discovered at once on the approach of 
weakness or disease. Just so, the orator says, it was with 
iEschines ; when the body politic was in a healthy state, he 
took no part in public affairs ; but when it had suffered 
injury, he at once made his appearance to censure those 
who had remained constantly at their posts. See the same 
illustration employed, Olynth. II., p. 21, to show the ten- 
dency of an invasion of a country by an enemy to discover 
to the people the evils of a government, to which they have 
been blinded by a brilliant succession of foreign cam- 
paigns. 

199. 'Erreidrj .... eyKeirai] " But since he lays much 
stress upon the issue or the calamities." — v7r€pj3o\r)i>] " ex- 
travagance." — old* ovtcos . . . . rjv] " not even in this case 
could the city have departed from these " (counsels of mine). 
For the construction of the verbal here, see § 58, n. — ef^e 
Ao'yov] " had an account," u regard." 

200. SoKel] Used personally here. — roVe .... tovtov] 
" but in the other case, claiming to be at the head of the 
other (Greeks), then relinquishing this." For irpoea-ravai, 
see K. §§ 194, R. 3 ; 173, R. 2 ; C. § 39, 3. Observe 
also the difference between the pres. and aor. part. ; the for- 
mer denotes a continued claim, the latter a shrinking from 
her usual position at the crisis referred to. — El yap .... 
vpoyovoi] " For if she had yielded this (i. e. taking the 
lead in this contest) without a struggle, for which there is 
uo danger that our ancestors did not incur." clkovltL is a 
gymnastic term, and means, literally, "without dust"; de- 
scriptive of one who retired from the palaestra without daring 

19* 



222 NOTES. 

to wrestle, and consequently without the dust collected by 
that exercise, ovbiva kivSwov is for otdels idvbvvos, being at- 
tracted into the case of its relative. See § 16, n. 

201. T/o-t 8' . . . . TreTToirjuevoi,] " But with what eyes, by 
Jupiter, could we have looked upon those visiting the city 
(i. e. any who might visit the city, as was done by thou- 
sands, on account of its renown), if affairs had come to the 
pass which they have now come to, and Philip had been 
chosen leader and lord of all (the Greeks), while others, 
without us, had made the struggle that these things might 
not occur." The time of the tenses here is affected by cl 
and m>, or, perhaps it should be said, by the nature of the 
proposition. Butt. § 139, 10. See also Philip. I., § 1, n. 
For the attractions which Athens presented to visitors, see 
Isoc. Panegyr., pp. 49 and 50. — kol ravra] A phrase of 
frequent occurrence in Greek, and corresponding precisely 
to our phrase " and that too." See § 282, n. 

202. I(rxvp5>v yevofieucov] " having been powerful," i. e. the 
most powerful tribe in Greece. Alluding to the state of 
things after the Peloponnesian war, when the Lacedemoni- 
ans enjoyed an ascendency in power over all the other 
tribes ; which, however, as already mentioned, they lost at 
Leuctra in a contest with Thebes. Now, even under these 
circumstances, as Demosthenes says, when Athens was but 
a secondary ^x)wer, she never would relinquish the right of 
taking the lead of the other tribes in all struggles affecting 
the interests of the Greeks generally. Reference is here 
made to the fjyefiovia or precedency, or hading, of which sc 
much s said in Athenian history. — fiera .... TvpoeardvaC 

' that ithifl would have gladly been given to the city with 
many thauks, viz. to receive whatever it desired, and tc 
retaiu its own possessions (if it would only submit) to per- 
form what was commanded by another, and allow some of 
the other Greeks to take the precedency." We have here 
a kind of metathesis by which infinitives are put instead of 
participles, in the clause expressing the condition on which 



NOTES. 223 

the concession would have been made, and participles in- 
stead of infinitives in the clause stating the concession. By 
this arrangement, the concession is ironically presented as 
a privilege, since on the principles of iEschines it should be 
regarded as such. 

204. 01 KaJ, k. t. X.] Allusion is here made to the time 
of the Persian war, when the Athenians, under Themisto- 
cles, made great sacrifices in behalf of Greece, and gained 
to themselves enduring renown. 

205. rbv ttjs . . . . 7rfpt/xeVei] " awaits the death of fate or 
natural death," i. e. does not expose himself to death vol- 
untarily, by incurring dangers in defence of his country, 
but waits till some extraordinary providence, or the regular 
course of nature, may bring him to an end. polpas is un- 
derstood with elpappevrjs. 

206. Ei ... . eirexeipow'] Denies the fact, and is followed 
in the apodosis by the opt. with av. K. § 339, 3, a, /3. — cos 
apa] " that forsooth." See § 22 ; also Popular Orations, 
VIII. § 4, note. — rrpoyyayov] U I incited," lit. "I led for- 
ward," " induced." Thus differing from irpoo-ayeiv, which 
means " to cany through to a result." — 7rpoaip€o-eis] " aims," 
" habits," " constant practice." — ttjs pivroi .... Karrjyopcov] 
" but, indeed, I say that I share with you the services con- 
nected with each of the things done ; but this man (JEs- 
chines) censuring all these measures," i. e. the measures 
taken against Philip. In this passage the orator prepares 
the way for what follows, viz. that in censuring him iEschi- 
nes was at the same time censuring the people at large ; 
since they had enacted and executed the measures which 
he had proposed. For the construction of pcrcivai with a 
genitive and dative, see K. § 273, 3, (b), (a) ; C. § 56, 4. 

207. toi/81] " this friend here," i. e. Ctesiphon. Ctesi- 
phon had proposed to crown Demosthenes, on account of 
the high value of his public services, especially in the con- 
test with Philip. If now he were condemned for this, it 
would be saying, of course, that his measures were not 



224 NOTES. 

wise, and consequently that they had erred in following 
them. — dyva>fxoa-vuT]] " unkindness." 

208. AAX' ovk eanv, k. t. A.] " But it is not possible," etc. 
This is a passage of great celebrity, on account of its lofty 
and impassioned eloquence. Longinus, in his treatise De 
Sublimitate (§ 16), speaking of the'use of rhetorical figures, 
thus remarks upon it : — " Demosthenes is introducing a 
proof in defence of his administration ; what now was the 
simple way of expressing it ? ' You did not err, ye who 
engaged in the contest in defence of the liberties of Greece, 
and of this you have familiar examples ; for neither those 
who fought at Marathon, nor those who fought at Salamis 
nor those who fought at Platsea, erred.' But when, as if 
suddenly inspired by a god, or possessed by Apollo, he 
thundered out that oath, ' It cannot be that you erred, — no 
by those who fought at Marathon ! ' he seems by one form 
of the figure of adjuration, which I here call apostrophe, to 
deify those ancestors (suggesting that it is proper to swear 
by those having died so gloriously, as by gods), and inspire 
his judges with the spirit of those heroes, while he has 
changed a dry proof into the transcendent sublimity, pathos, 
and cogency of unusual and surpassingly beautiful oaths, 
and at the same time lodges in the hearts of his hearers a 
certain consolatory and healing word ; till, being elated by 
these encomiums, they come to esteem the battle with Philip 
no less glorious than the victories at Marathon and Salamis.'* 
The Athenians first met the Persians at Marathon ; hence 
the use of npoKivhwevcravTas . The same word is employed 
by Thucydides, § 73. — 6 pev .... Kexpwrai] " for what 
was the part of brave men was performed by them all, but 
the fortune which the divinity allotted to each of them that 
they met." So, the orator would reason, has it been in the 
present case ; we have acted the part of brave men, and 
ought to be honored as such, although we have not been 
successful. 

209. S . . . . ypanpLaroKixpcov] ' O execrable wretch and 



NOTES. 225 

servile scribe ! " The last of these nouns is derived from 
ypa<j>o and ku7ttcj, from the stooping position of a scribe while 
writing. The idea intended to be conveyed by the term is, 
that he was a servile scribe, who, according to the Scripture 
expression, " bowed down his back always " ; that he was 
not in possession of an honorable post, but was an inferior 
clerk, who was compelled to bend over his desk for a living. 
Allusion is here made to the former occupation of iEschi- 
nes, as a secretary to the petty magistrates. See § 261. — 
ncwa tovtcovi] " from these," i. e. the Athenians. — wv twos 
.... ovroai;] "what one of which did the present cause 
need ? " i. e. what did any of these military proceedings 
have to do with this question pertaining to civil matters ? 
Demosthenes here alludes to the cases of victories, etc., 
cited by his opponent, in his speech (§ 181), from the an- 
cient history of Athens, in order to show how sparing the 
Athenians had always been of public honors. But these 
examples, he contends, had nothing to do with the case. — 
'E/*e Se, . . . . ?8« ;] " But, O actor of third parts, assuming 
the spirit of whom was it proper for me, coming forward 
(naptoura) as counsellor to the city concerning the prece- 
dency, to ascend the Bema ? " 

210. d-o rrjs avTrjs 8i.avolas~\ u with the same state of 
mind," lt " from the same principles." — d'K'ka to. /uev, k. t. X.] 
u but (it is necessary for you to judge) the common suits, 
examining them by private laws and facts, but public sys- 
tems of policy, having reference to the renowned deeds of 
our ancestors. And it is necessary for you, if you would 
do what is worthy of them, to consider, when you enter 
upon the trial of public causes, that each one of you re- 
ceives with the staff and the symbol the spirit of the city " ; 
i. e. becomes, as it were, a representative of the general 
tone of feeling, or spirit of the city, and therefore is bound 
to maintain it in his decisions. In other words, the orator 
reminds his judges that they are bound by the nature of 
their office to decide public matters with referpnee to the 



226 NOTES. 

general history and spirit of the nation. With o-Koneh, em 
often has this meaning (" with reference to," " by"). See 
§§ 233, 294. d^tco^iara, in the plural, properly has the 
meaning here given it. K. § 243, 3, (3) ; C. § 47, 7. The 
(BaKTrjpia was a staff handed to each judge on entering the 
court in which he was to serve for the day, as a mark oi 
judicial honor, and bore the number or emblem of the court. 
The avpfiokov was a ticket, by presenting which to the proper 
officer he received his fee. The tablet, on which the name 
of each judge was inscribed, and the number of the division 
to which he belonged for the year, was called 7jWkioi/, and 
consequently was quite distinct from the o-vpfioXov, though 
generally confounded with it. Comp. Herm. § 134, 17. 

211. 'AAXa yap] " But (I must check myself) for." See 
Xen. Anab. III. 2, 32 ; also § 42, n. — eanp a . . . . npa- 
X&zvTUiv\ " there are some of the decrees and public doings 
on that occasion which I omitted." He here returns to the 
point from which he diverged at the beginning of § 196. 
He was there speaking of his measures to secure the alii 
ance of Thebes, the account of which he here resumes. 

212. ms irepcos] "very otherwise," i. e. adversely. See 
§ 128, n. iEschines says these things, §§ 137, 141, 157 of 
his speech. — a-waiTLos] " a contributory cause." Placed in 

opposition to p.6vos airios below. IIgjs .... KarapaTorepos ;] 

" How could there be a more savage and execrable calum- 
niator ? " 

213. EIII2TOAH] The letter itself is wanting, which is 
the case, also, with all the letters, decrees, laws, etc., from 
this point. See Appendix. — e'S^yo'povi/] " they (i. e. the 
ambassadors of Philip and his allies) harangued the people." 
— To S' . . . . 'Attiktjv] " In short, therefore, they demanded 
that they (i. e. the Thebans) should make a return for the 
favors which they had received from Philip, but that they 
should inflict punishment for the injuries which they had 
received from you in which of two ways they prefer, either 
Dy letting them fthr M o^donians) pass through (i. e. through 



NOTES. 92T 

Bceotia) against you, or by joining with them in an incur- 
sion into Attica." To t)' ovu KecpaXalou is an adverbial occ. 
in apposition with the following sentence. K. § 279, K. 8 ; 
C. § 57, R- 9. — 7T€7r6u0eaav] Observe the omission of the 
augment in the pluperf. after a word ending in a vowel 
which cannot be elided. K. § 120, R. 2. — els .... aw- 
tclvovt] " but all tending to the same things." 

214. to. /xev .... vo/xlarjTe] " these things, in all their par- 
ticulars, I should esteem it a recompense for a whole life to 
state, but I fear you, lest, since the times have passed away, 
just as you would if you thought there had been a general 
obliteration of the things, you may consider the account of 
these things as a useless vexation." For the effect of the 
eloquence of Demosthenes on the Thebans at the time here 
referred to, see Plutarch's Life of Demosthenes. For the 
grammatical resolution of uxrnep ai>, see § 194, n. 

215. cKaXovv] "they called or invited," i. e. to march to 
Thebes and unite with them against Philip. iEschines, in 
his speech (p. 75), states that this assistance was sent out 
before Demosthenes had proposed any decree on the sub- 
ject. This seems to be a malicious falsehood, added by 
him in publishing his oration, and never uttered before the 
court. — oheicos] " cordially," i. e. by the Thebans. How 
cordially they were received the orator goes on to state, by 
saying that they were received into the bosom of their fam- 
ilies, while their own soldiers were encamped without the 
walls. — tci TiixLWTara] " the things most precious." A sort 
of comprehensive summary, referring to nothing in particu- 
lar, but designed to cover every thing of the kind which 
had just been mentioned, like our term " whatever is most 
sacred or dear." — KaiVoi .... o-uxppoavuTjs] "And, indeed, 
on that day the Thebans exhibited to all men three of the 
most honorable encomiums upon you ; one for bravery, 
another for justice, the third for self-government, or conti- 
nence." In the following sentences the orator proceeds to 
show how they exhibited these encomiums. The first and 



228 NOTES. 

second they exhibited, he says, in uniting themselves with 
them instead of Philip, and the third, bv receiving them so 
unreservedly into the privacies of their families. — apcivovs] 
" braver." It is thus distinguished from Kpe[rra>v, which 
means " more powerful." See § 146 ; also iEsch. adv. 

Ctesiph., § 11, and Soph. Antig., v. 73. — cat . 8*] " and 

also," " and too." K. § 322, R. 7. — ifi lp.lv] hri means 
here "depending upon," "in the power of," = penes. 
See Xen. Anab. III. 1, 17, 18, et passim. 

216. Kara y ifias] " at least as far as you were concerned." 
For the position of ye between a preposition and its noun, 

see Jelf's K. § 735, Obs. 2. — ovdels .... eveKaXeaev] " no 
one accused you, not even unjustly." A genuine Demos- 
then ian expression. — dis re ... . x^^epivrjv] " and twice 
having fought in conjunction with them the first battles, that 
at the river (probably the Boeotian Cephissus) and the battle 
of the storm." Scarcely any thing is now known of these 
battles, though they were doubtless familiar to those whom 
the orator addressed. Thus much, however, is evident 
from this account, that they were preliminary skirmishes 
with Philip previous to the decisive battle of Chseronea. 
That x ei -H- e P LV n v cannot mean " in the winter," as some have 
translated it, is shown by Mr. Clinton in his Fasti Hellenici, 
Vol. II. pp. 352 - 354. 

217. TTtos ov . . . . (kavsf] " how does he not perform out- 
rageous, or rather impious acts, if, of what things he made 
the gods witnesses (i. e. by sacrifices, rejoicings, etc.), as 
being most desirable, these he now demands of you (the 
judges), who have sworn by the gods, to condemn as not 

being the most desirable ? " Observe the inextricable di- 
es 

lemma in which he puts his antagonist by this enthymem. 
See also § 196, and compare the other enthymems referred 
to in § 139, n. 

218. Brjpaiot .... e/zoi] " but the Thebans, in thinking 
that they had been preserved by us, and it had happened to 
those who, on account of what these men (such as .Eschines) 



NOTES. 229 

did, seemed to be on the point of needing assistance (i. e. 
the Athenians) for them to help others (the Thebans), from 
tfhat you listened to me in," i. e. from his measures. — rj 
efxrj o-we'xeia, k. t. X.] " my perseverance, etc." Demosthe- 
nes here refers to his long course of active opposition to 
Philip, in which he had not only proposed measures, but 
gone on embassies (nXduoi), and toiled in almost every ca- 
pacity. See § 237. 

219. KaXXio-rpaToy, k. r. X.] Callistratus, here referred to 
as renowned (eKelvos), was the orator who first incited De- 
mosthenes to the study of eloquence, by his celebrated 
speech concerning Oropus. The others are often referred 
to by Demosthenes as famous orators of his times. See 
§§ 162, 251. Observe the omission of the connective be- 
fore erepoi. K. § 325, 1, (e). — ovk av enpeafievo-ev] " would 
not have gone on an embassy," or " was not accustomed to 
go on embassies." K. § 260, 2, (2), (/3) ; C. § 73, 3, 2). — 
'YneXenre .... dva(popdv~\ " For each of them reserved to 
himself, not only leisure, but also, if any thing (adverse) 
happened, the liberty of excusing himself." dwcpopd seems 
to be used here as dvacpepetv often is. See dveveyicelv in 
ckclvovs, § 224. This use of dpa piv .... dpa de is not un- 
common in representing two things as belonging to the 
predicate equally at the same time. See § 219 ; also Xen. 
Anab. III. 4, 19. 

220. g)(tt ovk ... . npageiev] " so that it did not seem to 
me to allow any opportunity for, or even thought of, one's 
own safety, but that one should be contented, if, having 
neglected no duty, he should do whatever the crisis de- 
manded." The substitution of a>pav for x<»P av i made by 
Dissen, seems uncalled for, and, on all grounds, undesirable 

221. rvxov] "perhaps." This meaning grows out of the 
use of the part, in the ace. absolute. K. § 312, 5. 

222. dnoTrecpevyoTa] " having escaped without censure,' 
or " having been acquitted." The same legal terms are 
not unfrequently applied by Demosthenes to things as to 

20 



230 NOTES. 

persons. See F. L., p. 399, init., where this word is used 
of a person. 

223. npoTepov] " formerly." For the occasion on which 
the decree of Aristonicus was proposed, see § 80, seq. — 
ovre .... (TvyKaTr}y6prj(rev\ " nor did he abet him who did 
prosecute them." — KcuVoi .... erepa] " And yet at that 
time he might have prosecuted Demomeles and Hyperides, 
who proposed these things, if, indeed, he now brings true 
charges against me, with much more reason than he does 
this man (Ctesiphon). Why? Because it is possible for 
him (Ctesiphon) to appeal to them (Demomeles and Hype- 
rides), and to the decisions of the courts (i. e. which in this 
and similar cases had been made in favor of Demosthenes), 
and to the fact that he himself (iEschines) has not accused 
them (Demomeles and Hyperides), who proposed the same 
things which this man (Ctesiphon) now has, and the fact, 
also, that the laws no longer permit (i. e. after a case of 
the same kind had been decided in his favor) to accuse on 
account of things thus publicly done (or " carried through," 
" settled "), and many other things." That is to say, as he 
had already been tried in a case of precisely the same kind, 
and received a verdict in his favor, the present trial was 
like putting him twice in jeopardy for the same thing, and 
hence was not allowed by the laws. 

224. rore §'.... 7rpoAa/3e7i>] " but at that time the cause 
would have been decided by itself, before it had gained any 
of these advantages." For irpokafifiv in this sense, see 
§ 314. 

225. dtpai] Ironical, like our " I trow." Demosthenes, 
of course, had no doubt on the subject. It is often thus 
used. See § 46. — prjr av . . . . prjBrjvai] " nor would have 
expected to hear spoken of at this day." — ™ Aeyeii/] " to say 
something to the purpose." This use of t\ is analogous to 
that of t\s for peyas, — the idea being that of "something 
weighty," " important," or " pertinent to the subject." 

226. ol \6yoi] " the arguments," " proofs." — nap'] " at 



NOTES. 231 

the same time with." See § 13, n. The action had been 
deferred by jEschines about six years, in order to bring 
it on in times more favorable to his cause. See § 19, n. 

227. orav .... \oyi£T)aOe] " when thinking that there re- 
mains a balance of money (in your favor), you have a 
reckoning with some one." — KaOapai .... yjsrjcpoi] " clear 
accounts," i. e. balanced. Accounts were cast by the use 
of pebbles, which, to express debt and credit, were placed 
opposite each other on corresponding lines, a given value 
being always indicated by a given situation. In balancing 
accounts, pebbles were removed from one side for debits 
and from the other for credits, and if, in this way, both 
sides became cleared at the same time, the account was 
balanced. This, sufficiently explains the expression under 
consideration, and also the phrase ri6e\s y^fjcpovs, § 229. — 
avyxcopelTe] " you yield," i. e. change your mind on this 
point. The sophism of iEschines, here referred to, is found 
in §§ 59, 60 of his speech. — aa6p6u] " rotten." 

228. v7rapxovo-r)s vTroXrjyj/eois] " the existing opinion." 

229. ov ridels .... Xoyiapos) ] " not casting accounts (for 
this is not the way of estimating public measures)." See 
§ 227, n. 

230. dvri Se . . . . Tro'Xepov] " instead of pirates from Eu- 
bcea plundering us, that Attica on the side of the sea was 
in peace during the whole war." (pepeip ml ayeiv, like agere 
et fere, mean together " to plunder," referring originally 
to the different kinds of property that were the objects of 
plunder. 

231. *H Seiv .... KocopiaOe] " Or that it is necessary to 
cancel these deeds (i. e. by what iEschines had done), and 
not rather to take care that they shall be preserved in mem- 
ory through all times ? And I do not now add, that the 
cruelty which may be witnessed where (eV oh) Philip be- 
came thoroughly master of any, it happened to others to 
experience, but that, of the kindness which he feigned, 
aiming at (ncpipaWopwos) the remaining interests (i. e. the 



232 NOTES. 

acquisition of the states yet unsubdued), you, by the bless- 
ing of God, have enjoyed the fruit." That is to say, by 
holding out against Philip, in accordance with the advice of 
Demosthenes, they had enjoyed the advantage continually 
of this insinuating policy, — which was continued, indeed, 
even after the battle of Chaeronea. For this use of ko\£>s 
noiovvres, see Viger's Idioms, p. 779 ; also Dem. Pop. Orat. 
I. 28, note. 

232. irapadelyfxaTa] " illustrations," " comparisons." Such 
as that above cited, concerning the accounts. — ndw yap 
.... 'EXkrjvav] " for the interests of Greece (don't you 
see?) depend much upon this." The question gives point 
to the irony. Demosthenes here alludes to the strictures 
which iEschines (§§ 72, 166, 207, of his speech) had be- 
stowed upon his style and manner of speaking. This, 
doubtless, might easily be done, since a person of such 
vivid ideas and intense feeling would be likely, at times, to 
commit some improprieties in language and gesture. 

233. en avT&v to>v epycov] " with reference to the actual 
realities." epyav evidently stands opposed to prjpa and x €L P a 
•above. For this use of ini, see § 210, n. 

234. KepKvpa] " Corcyra." A large island off the coast 
of Epirus. This, with the other important islands here 
named, was formerly in a kind of dependent alliance with 
Athens, but had revolted from her in the Social War, which 
occurred shortly before the contest with Philip. See § 17, 
n. — r\v 7rpoegei\eyplra] " had been collected in advance." 
Of course, then, he had no more to expect for the year, nor 
any means of making the annual assessment larger, in order 
to meet the emergency. — oiKeiW] " domestic or city forces." 
Called (§ 237) ttoKltikcov 8wdp,ea)v. — ovtol] " these," i. e. 
'Eschines and his associates. — fydpas .... iyyvrepco] 
" nearer enmity than friendship." 

235. 7rapa] " excepting," " contrary to," " besides." A 
common meaning with an accusative. See Orat. de Chers. 
§ 76. — rjpxe .... &v\ " he led those following h;m, being 



NOTES. 233 

himself absolute." That is to say, he was not simply a 
general, subject to the direction of some government which 
had commissioned him, nor even a prime minister, respon- 
sible to his people, but an absolute king at the head of his 
subjects. This of course gave him a great advantage in 
war, as it enabled him at all times to act with promptness 
and decisior., without being embarrassed by the slow pro- 
cess of gaining the popular consent to every measure before 
he could enter upon it. See a parallel passage, Dem. F. L., 
p. 399. — (W .... aet] "then these (his soldiers) always 
had arms in their hands," i. e. were always engaged in war, 
and, consequently, experienced soldiers. 

236. Avt6 yap .... pe(3ov\evpevot] " For this very right 
of addressing the people, in the first place, which alone I 
shared in (i. e. which was his only power), you extended 
equally to his hirelings (i. e. Philip's) and to me, and in 
what things these (hirelings) had the advantage of me (and 
these were many from the specious pretexts with which dif- 
ferent measures were put forward), these having decided 
upon in favor of the enemies, you broke up the assembly." 
And thus they prevented him from getting his plans ap- 
proved. The phrase 8i r\v eKaarop ti>xoi 7rp6<fia<Tiv means 
literally, " through the pretexts which each thing might 
find," i. e. through various specious pretexts. 

237. oacov] By attraction instead of Saa. This is used, 
and not the simple relative, because it refers to quantity 
(" the greatest as," instead of " as great as.") 

238. Ei be Ae'yeir, k. t. A.] u But if, iEschines, you speak 
of our rights towards the Thebans, or towards the Byzan- 
tians, or towards the Euboeans, or contend for equality now," 
i. e. an equal distribution of the expenses of the war among 
the allies, on the occasion referred to. wu\, therefore stands 
opposed to irporepov in the same line. The oiatot, having 
just spoken of the allies which he had gained for Athens in 
the struggle with Philip, takes occasion here to allude to an 
objection which ^Eschines had made in his speech (§ 137, 

20* 



234 NOTES. 

seq.) to the conditions upon which some of these allies had 
been received, as they were required to bear but a small 
portion of the expenses. This policy he justifies, first, by 
an appeal to the example of their forefathers at the battle 
of Salamis in the war with Persia, and then by stating that 
upon no other condition could they have been kept from 
joining themselves to Philip, and thus augmenting his 
strength. — exetVai/] For the position of this word between 
the article and its noun, see § 71, n. — tS>v aKXav] Gov- 
erned by St7rXao-ta, which implies a comparison. K. § 275, 
2 ; C. § 54, 1. 

239. Eira .... 6/xc] " Then surely you show worthless 
favors to these (the Athenians) in accusing me." That is 
to say, his advice came too late to be worth any thing, — it 
was but a cheap wisdom, which did not come till after the 
event. — eVeSexero] " was possible or practicable." — 6 yap 
.... eroi/jios] " for he who was bidding against us (i. e. 
Philip) was ready both to receive them at once, if driven 
from us, and to give them money besides." Of course, 
then, there was no opportunity for chaffering with them, in 
order to see how large a proportion of the expenses they 
would bear ; they were to be received on their own condi- 
tions, if at all. 

240. tI av\ av here is prospective, and hence is repeated 
below. K. § 261, 3 ; C. § 73, 7. — ipov .... aKptfio\oyov 
pevov] " I chaffering about these things." 

241. dia BvCavricov] " by means of the Byzantians," i. e. 
through their influence and cooperation. The orator is still 
describing what his enemies would have said, if the allies 
in question had gone over to the interest of Philip on ac- 
count of too hard conditions being required of them ; and 
in doing this he makes them state what he conceived would 
have been the consequences of such an event. He has 
passed, however, from the oblique to the direct form of 
discourse ; since he personates, as it were, the accuser, and 
utters his sentiments. K. § 345, R. 5. 



NOTES. 235 

242. tovto Se . . . . TrarpiSi ;] " but th is apology for a man 
is a fox even by nature, never from the first having done 
any thing wholesome or noble, a very tragic ape, a rustic 
CEnomaus, a counterfeit orator. For in what does thy 
eloquence come to the aid of thy country ? " Tav6po>Tnov 
(= to avBpuniov) is a diminutive from 6 <iv0pai7ros, and seems 
to refer to the size of iEschines. avros, in avruTpayiKos, re- 
tains something of its exclusive meaning, = " himself, if 
there ever was one." ekzvdepov here = eXevdepiov, as it fre- 
quently is. The language in this passage is very harsh, 
and shows something of the Scythian blood, with which the 
orator was often reproached by his enemies. But it should 
be recollected that a most malicious attack had been made 
upon his reputation by an old and embittered enemy. The 
reader will call to mind a passage in Mr. Webster's reply 
to C. J. Ingersoll's strictures upon his course in making the 
Ashburton Treaty, of equal severity, and very similar in 
language and spirit. 

243. "Q.a-K€p ai>] " This is altogether analogous to what 
he would do." See § 194, n. — do-devovai .... elatcov] 
"visiting the feeble laboring under disease." — ra vopi£6- 
fieva] " the customary funeral rites." — t6 <a\ t6] " this and 
that." K. § 247, 3, (b) ; C. § 49, R. 1. We have here a 
fine specimen of the happy manner of Demosthenes in 
summing up and condensing into a single burning illustra- 
tion the scope and gist of a long argument. See, also 
§ 198. 

244. tt)v rjTTciu] "the defeat," i. e. of Chaeronea. — yeyo- 
tviav] " having happened," or " to have happened." A 
part, used in the same relation as an infin. K. § 310, 4, 
(b). — aKkoQev ovbapodev] "from no other place whatever." 
Adverbs ending in 8*v are much used by Demosthenes in 
sweeping statements. See §§ 242, 252. — to. TeXetrala] 
"finally," "last of all." — \6yco] "by word," or "force 
of argument." This is opposed to o7rXoi? in the same line. 
What Philip's ambassadors had been defeated in by argu- 
ment, Philip himself had subverted by arms. 



236 NOTES. 

245. Tavr ] " This," i. e. to prevent the success of Philip's 
arms. — paXaiciav] "timidity," "cowardice," i. e. in desert- 
ing his place in the ranks at the battle of Chseronea. See 
§$ 148, 152 of the speech of ^Eschines. — dgi£>v . ... -ye- 
veadai] " demanding of me but a single individual to be 
superior to." This, of course, was strangely inconsistent 
with his charge of cowardice. — aicaibs] " awkward," " per- 
verse," " inconsistent." 

246. ov 7rapaiTovfiai] " I do not beg off," u I do not shrink 
from it." — to. Trpdyfiara dpxopeva] " difficulties in their in- 
cipient state." Tpdypara often has this meaning. See 
§§ 20, 292, et passim. — a ivokiTiKa] " which are native or 
natural." Democracies like those of Greece are specially 
liable to these faults. irokiTiKa = ot/tela, as in §§ 234 and 
237. — to Kar e/ze] " as far as I am concerned." The ar- 
ticle gives a substantive meaning to the preposition with its 
case. See § 247, fin. 

247. rial] " by what means." — tovs .... Trpayparav] 
" those intrusted with the conduct of affairs." — Ka\ prjv .... 
-irpirjTai] " Besides, by not allowing myself to be bribed by 
money, I have conquered Philip ; for as the bidder has con 
quered the one who receives the price, if he purchase him." 
For Ka\ p.r)v, see § 14, n. The whole of this paragraph is 
an extremely ingenious exculpation of himself from all 
blame in the defeat which his country had suffered ; but 
especially this closing sentence, in which he claims even to 
have conquered Philip. 

248. d A (iev . . . . epov] " What, therefore, I contributed 
towards its being just for this man (Ctesiphon) to propose 
such things concerning me." eyo> is opposed to vpels below, 
which, of course, is nominative to rrapeo-xfa-Be understood. 
Having stated what he had done to render such a decree as 
that of Ctesiphon proper, the orator proceeds in this para- 
graph to state what the people generally, and the judges in 
particular, had done to warrant it. — ep^e^Kcos] " having 
entered into," or "being in the midst." This participle 



NOTES. 237 

agrees with drjp.os above. — ffvU 1 .... npos e/xe] " when it 
were nothing remarkable for the multitude to have treated 
me harshly." av is often omitted thus with the indicative 
of the historical tenses in conditioned clauses, especially in 
expressions denoting duty, probability, possibility. K. 
§ 260, R. 3. The difference between the forms with and 
without (jlv seems to be something like that between were, 
and would have been, as used for each other, to some ex- 
tent, in English. — al rdcppoi] "the trenches," i. e. around 
the city. — 0-11-001/771/] " commissioner to supply the scarcity 
of corn." The appointment of such commissioners, ac- 
cording to Hermann (§ 150, 11), was resorted to only on 
extraordinary occasions, there being regularly fifteen mag- 
istrates, called Sitophylaces, to regulate the corn trade. 

249. (rucTTavToiu] " having conspired." Demosthenes here 
alludes to the attempts made by his enemies, soon after the 
battle of Chaeronea, to procure his condemnation. For this 
purpose, as he goes on to state, they brought against him, 
not personally, but by instigating to it such persons as they 
would be least suspected of having in their service, every 
species of trial. — rrjv r)p,epav e/caorrii/] u every single day." 
The article adds deflniteness and emphasis. K. § 246, 6. 
— dnovoia] " recklessness," " desperateness." This quality 
of the individual here mentioned, as is the case, also, with 
the qualities attributed to other individuals whose names 
follow, fitted him for the service in which he was employed ; 
hence it is that these qualities are singled out. This pas- 
sage is thus imitated by Cicero (Cat. III. 7) : " Quern qui- 
dem ego quum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, 
Quirites, remoto Catilina, nee mihi P. Lentuli somnum, 
oec L. Cassii adipem, nee Cethegi furiosam temeritatem 
/>ertimescendam." — tovtols] Dative of the agent after 
dneiparov, the verbal being equivalent to the perf. pass. part. 
K. § 234, 1, (i). — tovto yap .... 8iKaaT(ov] " for this (i. e. 
that he had been justly acquitted) is both confirmed by 
facts (d\r]6es), and is for the credit of (Wep) judges undei 



238 NOTES. 

oath, and deciding what is in accordance with their oaths. ,! 
For this meaning of aA^e's, see d\r)$eiai> below, § 250. 

250. tus evdvvas eVeo-q/xatVeo-fle] " you approved my ac- 
counts," i. e. by signing or sealing them, after having ex- 
amined them. See Boeckh's Pub. Econ. Ath. p. 193. — H 
rrpoarjKev .... ovofia ;] " what name was it proper or just that 
Ctesiphon should give to the things done by me ? " That 
is to say, What ought he, under these circumstances, to 
have denominated them, whether good or bad ? Alluding 
to the language of the decree, where he had affirmed that 
Demosthenes had always said and done what was for the 

good of the people. — TrjP dXrjBeiav .... fiefiaiovaav] " the 

truth confirming or rendering conclusive all things." Re- 
ferring to the results of these trials, and the examinations 
of his accounts, which had shown him to be innocent. 

251. dXka .... <£uyeli/] " but the example of Cephalus is 
honorable, never to have been indicted." The person here 
alluded to was an Athenian orator of great distinction, who 
flourished during the Peloponnesian war, and who, though 
for a long time engaged in public affairs, was never indicted. 
Demosthenes, having spoken of the approbation which had 
been bestowed upon his conduct by his having been often 
acquitted in previous tr'als relating to these matters, alludes 
to this example of Cephalus (cited by iEschines in his 
speech, § 194, a r „ presenting a veiy strong contrast to that 
of his rival), in order to show that the contrast in this re- 
spect argued nothing against him, and indeed, that, as far 
as iEschines was concerned, no such contrast existed be- 
tween him and Cephalus, since, whatever others might have 
done, he had never indicted him. — iv . . . . dimiccs ;] " should 
on this account justly come under censure ? " — ovBepiav 
.... ypa(j>r)v] For a personal ace. in addition to a cognate 
ace. see K. § 208, 1 ; C. § 58, 1. 

252. dyvcofjLoo-vvrjv .... (SaaKaviav] " his unfairness and 
slanderousness." Demosthenes here alludes to the ma- 
licious remark of his adversary, that an evil fortune had 



NOTES. 239 

always attended him, and that nothing could prosper with 
which he had any thing to do. See §§ 114, 135, 158, 253, 
of his speech. — j)i/ yap .... ercpm ;] " for how is it proper 
to speak of or reproach another for this, which he who is 
persuaded that he enjoys best, and possesses in the highest 
degree, does not know whether it will remain such till 
evening? " For the meaning here given to /3eXTio-Ta itpdr- 
tciv, see apewov irpdrreiv, § 254. Observe, also, the differ- 
ence between vopifav and olopevos, the former expressing a 
much higher degree of confidence than the latter. — dvOpu* 
Trtvoirepov] " more humanely," " more kindly." 

253. AcoScBz/aToi/] " Dodonian." An epithet of Jupiter 
derived from Dodona, a city of Epirus, where was a cele- 
brated oracle dedicated to him. As this was an oracle of 
great authority, it was much resorted to both by individuals 
and states, in order to learn their destiny. It would seem, 
from this passage, that it had pronounced favorably upon 
the destiny of Athens. I have removed the brackets from 
Kin t6v 'AttoXXw top TLvOiov, since the reading seems to be 
sustained by other passages in Demosthenes. See Epist. 
IV. p. 1487. — rj vvv eWx^i] " which now possesses them," 
or " prevails." Referring to the victories of Alexander. 

254. To pev . . . . ttjv 7rdXti/] " Therefore, the choosing 
the most honorable course, and the coming off better than 
those very Greeks who thought that they should live in 
prosperity if they deserted us, I ascribe to the good fortune 
of the city ; but in the want of success (lit. the collision or 
bringing up against something), and all things not happen- 
ing to us as we desired, I think that the city has received 
the part of the fortune of others falling to us." tmpdXXop 
is a participle, and means here " falling upon," or " hap- 
pening to." 

255. dgiS>] " I think," or "judge." — dyatiqs kq\ peyakrjs] 
These adjectives agree w\h tvxtjs understood, which, in 
turn, is governed by Kvp ^repav understood. 

256. npos] " in comparison with." A meaning similar to 



240 NOTES 

that of iiri with aKcmeiv. See § 210, n. — ^vxp6rt]Ta\ " cold 
heartedness," " unfeelingness," i. e. in raking up things 
against iEschines for which he was not personally guilty, but 
which belonged to his fortune. Referring obviously to the 
same state of feeling implied in ^aWou below. His apolo- 
gy, then, is, that the severity of iEschines upon him made 
it necessary for him to defend himself with the same 
weapons. — Ik ra>v iuovrov'j "considering the existing ma • 
terials." 

257. alarxpov] " disgraceful or servile." Such as he rep- 
resents iEschines as having been obliged to resort to for 
a support, on account of his poverty. — aKokovOa tovtois] 
" things in keeping with these," i. e. with what he had just 
represented himself as having done while a boy. What 
some of them were, the orator proceeds to state, viz. " to 
defray the expense of choruses employed at the public 
festivals and theatrical exhibitions, to be at the charge of 
fitting out galleys for the public service, and the contributing 
of money to the state." These were duties which fell by 
law upon the more wealthy, or were undertaken voluntarily 
by tne more patriotic citizens, and hence were of a highly 
honorable nature. — KaXd y] " honorable at least." This 
character, he says, not even his enemies had ever denied to 
his measures, though they had not been successful. 

258. Kol noXk" .... 7rapaXei7roi] "and, although I might 
speak many other things concerning it, I omit them." av 
here gives to the participle t^wv the sense of the optative, 
according to a familiar principle of Greek grammar, while 
at the same time, by another principle, the participle con- 
veys the restrictive idea, " although." Compare § 50, n. 
— atfxvos] " dignified," " illustrious." To be taken iioni- 
cally. — a\ia .... npoaedpevaiv] " attending with your father 
at the school," i. e. as a drudge, his father having been 
spoken of in a previous passage (§ 129) as a slave of the, 
schoolmaster Elpias. That this was the capacity in which 
he was employed is evident, also, from the description whicn 



NOTES. 241 

follows of the services which he performed, such as mixing 
ink, cleaning the benches, and sweeping the school-room. 

'259, 260. dvrjp toe , . . , vefoara] " but having become a 
man, you read for your mother, engaged in the rites of ini- 
tiation, the books (containing the forms of initiation), and 
assisted her in performing the other rites ; by night prowling 
around in fawn-skins, and gulping down goblets of wine, 
and purifying the novitiates, and rubbing them down with 
clay and bran, and, having caused them to rise up from the 
cleansing, directing them to say, 4 1 escaped the bad, I found 
the better ' ; priding yourself on no one's being able to 
shout so loud, and I certainly agree with you (for you can- 
not think that he speaks so magniloquently without being a 
magnificent shouter) ; and by day leading through the 
streets those fine troops of Bacchanals crowned with fennel 
and white poplar, squeezing the copper-colored snakes and 
holding them above your head, and crying Evoe Saboe 
and dancing Hyes Attes ! Attes Hyes ! being saluted by 
the old crones as guide, leader, box-bearer, basket-carrier 
and by such like titles, receiving as a compensation for 
these services sops, twists, and fresh flour-cakes." I have 
thought best to translate this passage entire, as it contains 
an unusual number of technical expressions, the meanings 
of which are not easily ascertained. The rites here alluded 
to appear to have been a strange intermixture of Phrygian 
and Bacchic rites, celebrated by the superstitious and vulgar. 
The mother of iEschines, it would seem, was employed to 
superintend the rites of initiation to this worship, and also 
to teach the forms of the worship itself to the novitiates, in 
which her son assisted her. As to the different parts of the 
ceremonies here described, it will be necessary to remark 
upon only a few. The ceremony of clothing the novitiates 
in fawn-skins had allusion to the goat-formed Satyrs by 
which Bacchus was represented as being attended. The 
formula translated, " I escaped the bad, I found the better," 
was one which every child at Athens, on arriving at a certain 
21 



242 NOTE S. 

age, was made to pronounce, with certain attendant cere 
monies symbolical of the thing signified, in allusion to the 
happy change which had taken place in their mode of liv- 
ing since the ancient times, when the inhabitants fed on 
roots and acorns. This formula also, it would seem, was 
pronounced by novitiates on their initiation into the mysteries 
of the worship of Bacchus, as implying that by these rites 
they were restored to the favor of their god. 7rapelas is sup- 
posed by some to be derived from 7rapetd, " a cheek," in 
allusion to the fulness of the cheeks of the snakes here 
spoken of ; but see the word in Liddell and Scott. 2afiol 
was originally the name of a Phrygian deity, but, from the 
similarity of the character and worship of Bacchus, the 
name was applied to him also by his worshippers. "Arr^y, 
also, was a name applied to Bacchus, and for the same 
reason, it having originally belonged to the Phrygian god- 
dess Cybele ; and "Ytjs was an epithet which he derived 
from his mother Semele, who was sometimes called "Ytj. 
These were all forms of enthusiastic invocation to Bacchus, 
employed by his devotees in the frenzied excitement of their 
worship. In these rites iEschines is represented as having 
acted as leader and guide to the novitiates, bearing the 
basket and the box, in which were contained the image of 
Bacchus and other sacred symbols, and as surpassing them 
all in the holy shout. The articles of food, which he is 
said to have received as a recompense for these services, 
are to be regarded as choice bits presented him by the de- 
vout old women by whom he was surrounded. In conclu- 
sion, I refer the reader to Horace, B. 2, Ode 19, as throw- 
ing some light on the phraseology employed in some parts 
of this passage. 

26l. 67rcoadT]7roT€] "in whatever way you please," or " in 
some way or other." This adverb is thrown in to suggest 
a doubt as to the legitimacy of his citizenship. See a simi- 
lar use of the word, Olyn. III. § 7. — ao^i&W] " inferior 
magistrates." A diminutive from dpxv- — irdvO'] "all," 



NOTES. 243 

i e. the disgraceful things. The orator here intimates that 
his adversary, in accusing others of crimes and scandalous 
things, drew from his own experience. 

262. ovdeu tu>v 7rf)ovnr]j)yfxeuo}v] " nothing of those things 
commenced in early life." The idea here intended to be 
conveyed is, that yEschines fully sustained in after life the 
bad reputation which he acquired while young. ivpoimr)pyp,£- 
vo>v is the perf. pass. part, of ivpovnapx^. — rols .... iniKa- 
\ovp.tvon'] " called groaners." So called, probably, on ac- 
count of their unnatural and extravagant exhibition of pa- 
thos in their representations on the stage. — oTrcopoiprjs] 
" fruit-dealer." According to some, this is to be taken as 
the name of a man notorious for stealing fruit, whose ex- 
ample yEschines was represented as imitating. In most 
editions, also, n'Xeico, in the next line, is made to agree with 
Tpavpara, which, in these editions, stands expressed in the 
sentence. But this Becker included in brackets, as of doubt- 
ful authority, and Dindorf, in his text, rejected entirely. As 
it stands here, zrXei'a) must be understood as meaning " more 
profit," but in the other case, " more wounds," i. e. more 
from the owners of the fruit than from their audience, on ac- 
count of the wretchedness of their acting. — fifiXous] " cow- 
ards." Alluding to the charge of cowardice which yEschi- 
nes had made against him. 

263. avra .... KaT^yoprj/xara] " I will proceed to the very 
(avra) accusations of thy character or nature." That is to 
say, such accusations as refer to him personally, and not, 
like the preceding, to his circumstances. — Xaycb (Blou] "the 
life of a hare," i. e. a timid, fearful life, continually expect- 
ing, while his country was triumphant over him and his 
party, the punishment which he was conscious of deserving. 

264. ov yap .... Aey«j/] " for I do not think it necessary 
o speak indiscriminately, all the disgraceful and reproach- 
ul things which I might show to pertain to this fellow." 

265. /3e/3ta)/ieVu] "the course of life pursued." — 'EStSa- 
9Kfs .... eavpiTToif] " You taught school, I attended ; you 



244 NOTES. 

performed the rites of initiation, I was one of the initiated ; 
you served in the chorus, I defrayed the expense ; you acted 
as a scribe to the assembly, I harangued it ; you served as 
a third-rate actor, I was one of the audience ; you were 
driven from the stage, I hissed you." This contrast be- 
twesn their respective courses of life is very ingeniously 
conducted. It is a summary of all that had previously been 
said of the difference between their fortunes, and is so 
managed as to represent iEschines as the servant and 
drudge, and himself as a gentleman of liberal and generous 
pursuits, sometimes enjoying and sometimes rewarding the 
drudgery of his rival, and in all cases his superior. Foi 
this meaning of hmirrciv, see § 186, fin. 

266. <ro\ .... Kivdweveis Se] "'but to you it is to seem to 
be a sycophant, and you have at stake." The contrast, it 
will be observed, is still kept up here. 

267. avayvw] " let me read." It is not to be understood, 
however, that he read the records in question himself, but 
caused them to be read, as he says below, addressing the 

clerk, Ae'ye ras fiaprvpias. — prjaeis as iXvfirjvteij " the lines 

which you murdered." Alluding to his bad pronunciation 
of these lines in speaking them on the stage. The first of 
the lines is from the Hecuba of Euripides (v. 1), and the 
other from an unknown source. There is, however, a 
couplet in Soph. Antig. (vv. 276, 277) veiy similar in sen- 
timent. — Ka\ kcikov, k. t. A.] u and thee, evil man, may the 
gods above all, and then all these judges, evilly destroy." 

268. ovdev av ei7rot/xt] " I would say nothing." The nno- 
dosi§ of the following clause, which is introduced by et. K. 
§ 339, 1. — Tivas] i. e. prisoners of war. See F. L., p. 
394. — (rvve^Baxa] " helped dower," i. e. assisted those in 
humble circumstances in furnishing their daughters with 
the requisite dower for a respectable marriage. Which 
was often done at Athens. See Lys. pro Bon. Aristoph. 
p. 659. 

269. ovtco] Refers to what follows, as in § 138. — ev 7ro- 



NOTES. 245 

Bovra] " having received favors." Opposed to -noi^aavra, 
" having done favors," below. — fwcpov .... <Wt8i'£Vti>] " is 
virtually to disparage them. 1 ' The sentiments expressed in 
this passage are exceedingly elevated and refined, — every 
way worthy of a disciple of Plato. For the government of 
(xiKpov, see § 151. 

270. dOcoos] " uninjured by." Demosthenes, almost sin- 
gle-handed, had resisted Philip from the beginning, and 
might, therefore, if any had escaped falling into his power, 
justly claim to have been the cause of it. 

271. cpopav .... edei] " a certain irresistible rush or 
course of events, and such as was out of the ordinary 
course of nature " (lit. was not necessary or proper). An 
Attic euphemism, intimating something very disastrous. 
See § 133, n. 

272. ivapa Tovroial] " in conjunction with these " (the 
Athenian people). This is said to show that the people had 
cooperated with him, and that therefore, as he goes on to 
say, any blame thrown upon him was at the same time 
thrown also upon them. — rjv av] " it would have been 
proper," or " there would have been an opportunity." 

273. eV Koiva .... o-Konelv] " and the city offered in pub- 
lic (i. e. to all) the liberty of considering what was for the 
best." That is to say, as the orator has remarked once 
before, all others, equally with himself, had the right of 
proposing and discussing public measures. — ov yap .... 
Ti/jLcov] " for you did not out of good-will surely relinquish 
to me hopes (i. e. of praise and reward), and admiration, 
and honors." The genitives are governed by napex«>peis, 
which implies separation. K. § 271, 2 ; C. § 55, 5. 

274. Ylapa plv .... Toiavra] " Among all other men, 
therefore, I see some such principles as these laid down and 
established." What these are, the orator proceeds to tell in 
an indirect way, by first stating cases of conduct, and then 
stating how they were usually treated. See the same figure, 
§ 117. — 6pyf]v .... Tip.copiav .... a-vyyvoop.t]v] Governed 

21* 



246 NOTES. 

in the same way as ra roiavra, with which they are in appo- 
sition. The three degrees of delinquency described in these 
and the following cases correspond to what is indicated in 
our language by " wrongs," " errors," and " misfortunes." 
See § 72. — ov . . . . anavraiv] " failed of success in com- 
mon with all." — (Tvvdx6ecr6ai\ " to grieve with," " sympa- 
thize with." 

276. avros] " he himself," i. e. iEschines. — iiceXcvev] 
fi charged you." — ottos prj] The fut. indie, after these par- 
ticles definitely implies the possibility of the result referred 
to. K. § 330, 6. — deiuov .... ao(j)i,o-Tr)v~\ " vehement, as 
well as a juggler and a sophist." See ^Esch. §§ 16, 207, 
215. — Ka\ Brj ... . exovra] " now that not only these things 
are thus," i. e. applicable to another, rather than to himself. 
exovra is in the ace. plur. absolute, depending upon as (" as 
if") in the previous line. K. § 312, 6, (c). 

277. deivoTTjTa] " vehement eloquence." This sentence, 
it will be perceived, is incomplete, the orator having stopped 
in the midst of it, at the mention of the word here quoted, 
as if about to retract it, since the use of it acknowledged 
the charge of his adversary in calling him foii/oV, — or, per- 
haps, from modesty, on account of the pretending character 
of the word. Instead of retracting it, however, after some 
suspense, he adds, u Yes, be it so," which is equivalent to 
saying, "It is the right word, I will not retract it." We 
can judge pretty well how he would have completed the 
sentence, by what he says below, at El S' ovv, where he re- 
sumes the point. — nvpiovs] Hearers (especially judges) 
may be considered as the controllers of the power of speak- 
ers, since, as our author goes on to say, speakers are wholly 
dependent upon their approbation for their own reputation. 
This view of the subject must have been far more agree- 
able to them than that of iEschines, who, by warning them 
to be on their guard against the effects of the eloquence of 
Demosthenes, plainly implied that they were under the con- 
trol of the orators. — it-era&iievriv] " tried," " proved." — 



NOTES. 247 

ilXXa .... Tovroiv] " but also, if any one offended or came 
into collision with him in any thing, against these." ™, 
being an indefinite pronoun, and hence having a sort of 
general or collective sense, takes the demonstrative tovtW) 
referring to it, in the plural, by the construction Kara arvveaiu. 
K. § 241, 1 ; C. § 52, R. 1. 

278. tovs vnep .... /3e/3atoi)j/] " to ask of the judges con- 
vened for causes of a public nature to confirm to him," i. e. 
to gratify him in. — diaKelixcv] " disposed." This partici- 
ple, with the adverbs standing in connection with it, may be 
rendered " meekly and gently disposed," i. e. well subdued 
and held in check. — y Ev nW] " On what occasions." — 
rap oXcov «] " any of the matters of the highest interest." 

279. Mrjdevbs .... avrov] " But for him, having demand- 
ed punishment from me neither in behalf of the state nor 
of himself, there having been no public crime whatever of 
mine, and, I will add, no private crime either," i. e. com- 
mitted against iEschines. — To de . . . . Kaniav] " But, in- 
deed, that he, having neglected to bring the trials against 
me myself, should now come against this one (Ctesiphon), 
involves the sum of all baseness." ifxe avrov is more em- 
phatic than e/j-avTov. K. § 302, R,. 6. 

280. <f>c0vao-icias] jEschines, it would seem, possessed a 
very powerful voice, which is often referred to by Demos- 
thenes. See §§ 260, 291, 318. Demosthenes, on the 
contrary, had by nature a bad voice. By cultivation, how- 
ever, he attained great power over it, and especially ex- 
celled in the variety, modulation, and piercing emphasis of 
his tones. See Plutarch's Life ; also, iEsch. F. L., p. 49, 
and Contr. Ctesiph., §§ 209, 210. 

281. ovk em .... TroXXoTs-] " does not rely upon the same 
anchor with the multitude," i. e. does not have the same 
hopes, the anchor, in all languages, being regarded as the 
emblem of hope. This was a common figure among the 
Greeks, of which critics cite many instances from the an- 
cient Greek writers. It should be further stated, that qvttjs 



248 NOTES. 

agrees with aynvpas understood. — 'Eya>] "I" (have the 
same hopes, etc.). — kcu . . . . irei:oiT)pai\ " and have per- 
formed nothing disconnected (with the interest of the city), 
nor of a private nature." 

282. *Ap' ovv . . . . nebs;] " But did not you (i. e. do some 
thing aside from the public interests) ? And how (can it be 
that you did not) ? " — ttjv pax*!"] " the battle," i. e. of 
Chosronea. — koi ravr] "and that, too." See § 201, n. — 
T<5 d' . . . . toiovtw ;] " And whom does the crier justly in- 
voke curses upon ? Is it not on such an one ? " By <r]pv£ 
here is meant the crier or herald, who opened the meetings 
of the assembly, by first praying, and then inviting all who 
had any thing to say to speak. In his prayers, he invoked 
curses upon such characters as iEschines is here repre- 
sented to be. Comp. Smith's Diet. Antiq., Art. 'EkkAtjo-io, 
sub. Jin. — el //?)] For the indie, after these particles, see 
K. § 318, 3, (e). — ovtos] " this one," i. e. such as he had 
just described. See § 173, n. 

283. axrr ov~\ For the negative ov instead of prj, see 
§ 120, n. — KaTapa,fxevos\ " protesting." 

284. Kara cravTov pr]vvTr]s] u an informer against yourself," 
i. e. by confessing his treachery, as Demosthenes charges 
him with having done, after the decisive battle of Chseronea. 
— far i . . . evprj(T€is] " for which you will find all to blame 
sooner than me." 

285. 2r]/.ielov 8e] " But here is the proof of it," i. e. that 
the city did not forget his good deeds. — apn .... elprjvqp] 
" recently having made the peace." Demades, who is here 
alluded to, was an Athenian orator of great wit and elo- 
quence, but of loose principles, who, being taken prisoner 
by Philip at Chseronea, ingratiated himself with his captor, 
so as to be employed by him to conclude the peace with 
Athens which ensued. — eV apeivov] " all the more zealous- 
ly." See K. § 239, R. 1, (a). 

286. ravr] "these things," i. e. their connection with 
Philip, etc., which, as stated above, iEschines had denied 



NOTES. 249 

before the issue of the struggle, but acknowledged after 
wards ; and the others, it seems, had done likewise. — Z>v 
.... abeiav] " receiving freedom from fear to speak 
what they thought." Sucn could not have been friends to 
their country ; since, had they been, they would not have 
concealed their thoughts till the success of the enemy made 
it safe for them to reveal them. 

287. €Kel] " there," i. e. with the enemy. devpo, " hith- 
er," a few lines below, stands opposed to it. — 8' . . . . dX\d] 
The one limits and the other excludes. K. § 322, 2, 6. — 
inoKpivofxevov] " acting a part," " feigning." 

288. ovro)?] " thus." This word stands opposed to aXXcos 
»ra>s, a few lines below. The people at large, he says, did 
not act in one way towards him in this matter, and the 
friends of the slain in another. — SeW] " it being proper," 
i. e. according to established customs. An ace. absolute. 
See § 30, n. It was customary among the Greeks to have 
funeral feasts. — oIkciotcitco] " the nearest relative." as, 
just before this word, is to be referred to it as strengthening 
the superlative. For its separation from the word to which 
it refers, see Matt. § 461. — paXicrra ducpepev] " it most con- 
cerned." This is used as an impersonal verb here, and 
governs <a in the line before. — d prj . . . . axpeXov] " what 
would that they had never suffered.'''' A wish that, cannot 
be realized. K. § 259, R. 6 ; C. § 77, 3. 

289. eniypappa] " inscription." A short piece of poetry 
written as an epitaph upon the tombs or other monuments 
erected in honor of the dead. — Mapvdpevoi .... ^v^ay] 
" But, contending, they did not save their lives by bravery 
and courage." The genitives dperrjs and delfiaros depend, 
perhaps, upon (3pdfir)v, there being a sort of zeugma between 
the two sentences, — But, contending, they did not count 
upon the preservation of their lives as the reward of their 
bravery and courage, but a common death. But it is most 
probable that the reading is corrupt here. — xplais] " issue," 
i. e. death. — poipav .... tnopev] " but he (Jupiter) did not 



250 NOTES. 

afford them any escape from fate," i. e. those who fell in 
this battle. 

290. avrco TovT(f\ " this very inscription." 

291. iiv7]a6iis] "having mentioned or spoken of." — ovx 
o>s . . . . yvaprjv] " had not the state of mind which a patri- 
otic and just citizen would have had." 

292. TroXirelas .... cf)povTi£eii>] " pretending that he is 
concerned for the constitution." iEschines had made great 
pretensions to this in his speech. — nai prj . . . . reraxdai] 
" and not by his line of policy to be ranked among our ene- 
mies." Koivav properly means " public measures." — els 
npdypaTa] " into difficulties," " troubles." See § 246, n. 

293. 8t efie .... irpaTTOfievT]] " that, through my influ- 
ence, you have resisted the power that was forming against 
the Greeks," i. e. the power of Philip. This, he says, would 
be doing too great honor to himself, while at the same time 
it would be doing still greater injustice to the people, by im- 
plying that they had been led into this policy contrary to 
their usual course. — ev old* on] on belongs to a predicate to 
be supplied from o-vyx^pfjaaiTe. Jelf 's K. § 895, 1. 

294. e'l y . . . . epol] " if, indeed, having laid aside mis- 
representation and speaking from enmity, we should con- 
sider in face of the truth who they undoubtedly are upon 
whose 'heads all would with reason and justly place the 
blame of all that has happened, any one would find them to 
be such men as this fellow, in each of the cities, not such 
as I am." 

295. vnapxavras] " existing," or " their own." The list 
of traitors which follows may be regarded as a kind of Black 
Roll, posted up for immortality. 

296. ala-xio-rois] " the basest indulgences." 

297. TavTTjs .... iXevdepias] " Of this so shameful and 
infamous conspiracy and baseness, rather, O men of 
Athens, not to speak unmeaningly, uutrayal of the liberty 
of the Greeks." 

298. Kaipos] " opportunity." — ovS° 5<ra . . . . o-vuPefiov* 



NOTES. 251 

\evKa] " nor what, at any time, I have advised these (the 
Athenians) have I advised like you (traitors), inclining 
Dwards gain as if in a scale," i. e. from selfish, mercenary 
jnotives. — ko\ peyio-Tcoi/ .... Tvpo(TTai\ " and, as is well 
known (&)), having directed the most important interests of 
all the men of my time." Kara here is used as it is in the 
phrase ol ku8* eavrovs, "those with themselves," or " their 
contemporaries." K. § 292, (2). 

299. T6u 8e TeixLo-pbv] " But this repairing of the fortifi- 
cations." Alluding to his services as superintendent of the 
repairs made upon the fortifications after the battle of Chse- 
ronea. A few lines below, the orator, playing upon the 
word, employs it in a figurative sense, including all that 
he did for the defence of Athens. — noppco .... riBepoi\ 
" but I place them far below my political measures." rwv 
TTznokiTevfievuv is governed by noppa. K. § 271, 3 ; C. § 55, 
2. — dpwovfieuovs] Some prefer dpwopevovs here, — the 
pres. instead of the fut. 

300. dAX' ol . . . . tvxu] " but the generals of the allied 
forces, and the forces themselves, were conquered by for- 
tune." 

301. i< Se . . . . ravTrj ;] " but on the side of the places 
towards the Peloponnesus (to throw before the city) those 
dwelling near to it?" The orator, it will be perceived, 
speaks of the allies which he had gained as so many ram- 
parts thrown up in different directions around the state. — 
napa .... (piXiav] " along by a countiy friendly in its whole 
extent." This region included the nations on the Helle- 
spont, the Euboeans, etc., as corn was brought by the Greeks 
from the Euxine Sea. See § 73, n. For cpiXiav, without 
a noun, see K. § 263, a, (/3) ; C. § 50, 3. 

302. Rot to. fieu . . . . v7rnpx6vT(0v] "And, on the one 
hand, to preserve of our existing dominions." ra p-V, u in 
part," is an adverbial ace, and is responded to by ra d* be- 
low. K. § 322, 5, (a). &» 8* . . . . TrpoaOthat ;] "but of 

what things there was a lack to the city, to supply these ? " 
The views here given are verv statesmanlike and jus? 



252 NOTES. 

303. a kcu . . . . i/xov] " which measures, O men of Ath 
ens, if" any one will consider them without envy, he will 
find to have been wisely enacted, and executed with all 
integrity, and that the proper time of each was neither neg- 
lected nor unperceived, nor betrayed by me." irapzQkvra 
and irpoedevra are both first aorist passive participles from 
different compounds of the same verb, irfjit. 

305. Skow] " would have inhabited.'" The sense is af- 
fected by av in the preceding line. 

306. hv . . . . Tre/Heo-n] " which, if they had been suc- 
cessful, O earth and gods, it would undoubtedly have been 
our fortune to be at the height of greatness, and justly so, 
too ; but as they have, resulted very otherwise, it still re- 
mains to enjoy a good reputation." fieyiarois is put in the 
dative by attraction. See § 128. 

307. ovk] Repeated for emphasis. — {movTavra] " having 
undertaken." The article rbv in the preceding line belongs 
to this word, which is to be understood as referring to De- 
mosthenes himself, as the other character described in the 
context is to be understood as meant for iEschines. — Avn-jj- 
977] " may have offended Mm." 

308. rjavxLav] " quiet," " withdrawal from public affairs." 
— (^uXdrret .... \eyovros] " watches when you are full of 
continuous speaking," i. e. pressed with business. It was 
only at such times, when there appeared to be a chance for 
liim to " make capital " out of the difficulties and troubles 
of others, that he came forward. It is to be observed that 
nrjvUa is for o7TT]viKa, — the direct for the indirect. K. § 344, 
R. 1. — noXha Be rav6pcoinva\ " and many human things are 
of this kind." — awtipei .... dnvevo-Ti] " pronounces these 
in a continuous flow, distinctly, and without catching his 
breath " ; i. e. in a declamatory, periodic style. — r<5 rv- 
Xovn.] "any one," " every one." The literal meaning of 
this participle is " one who has happened *' and hence by 
an easy transition it comes 10 mean " any one," or " ever> 



NOTES. 253 

309 ravTTjs .... en-i/ieXa'as-] " of this oratorical skill and 
art," i. e. such as is spoken of above. 

310. Tovtwv .... i&Taais] " For there was a test of all 
these things in the above-mentioned times," i. e. the times 
called for such services, and hence they became the test of 
the ability and patriotism of public men. The following 
sentence expresses the same idea in a different manner, and 
hence dnodd^is means " proofs," " tests." — h els'] " among 
whom." Referring for its antecedent to dvdp\ koXw re Kaya- 
6<o. K. § 332, R. 1, (a). — oVkovp .... rjv^dvero] " conse- 
quently, not among those at least by whom the country was 
strengthened." For ovkow, see § 24, n. 

311. Tis fj . . . . o-ov ;] " What civil and public relief of 
means (has ever been effected) by you, either for the rich 
or poor ? " such, for instance, as he himself had effected in 
his revision of the laws of the trierarchy, §§ 102- 109. 

312. & rav] " my good Sir." This sentence is repre- 
sented as being spoken by some one by way of obviating 
or palliating the charges just stated. — els o-aTr)piav .... 
apyvpiov] " contributed of their means to the safety (of their 
country), and finally Aristonicus (gave to the city) the 
money which he had collected for regaining his civil rank." 
This Aristonicus (perhaps the one mentioned §> 84) had in 
some way, as it would seem, embezzled the public money, 
and consequently, according to the laws of Athens, was 
considered as politically disgraced until this was refunded. 
Having collected sufficient money to refund it, he presented 
it to the state. — ovde totc ovre] Observe the accumulation 
of negatives, and see § 216 ; also § 24. — ovk dnopoov] " not 
being destitute of means." That he was not thus desti.ute 
is shown from his having received a large amount by the 
will of a relative, and also from the wealthy citizens, for 
attacking the law of Demosthenes concerning the trierar- 
chy. Observe that K€K\r]pov6p.T)Kas takes two genitives. See 
C. § 54, R. 9. 

313. 'AXX' era ... . (KKpovo-(o\ " But lest, speaking one 

22 



254 . NOTES. 

word after another, I cheat myself out of the present op- 
portunity," i. e. by not adhering strictly to his defence. — 
QeoKpivrjs] An actor, or according to others an informer, 
who made pathetic complaints against persons. 

316. ov ph . . . . ayeiv] " nor, indeed, could any one say 
how great, to bring into discredit and contempt the good 
deeds performed in the present age." 

317. fiov\o[j.€vr)~\ " aiming at." — kit c/cetVous] " with 
them," i. e. their contemporaries, just as tovs <a$ y avrov 
a few lines below, means " his contemporaries." See 
§ 293, n. 

318. — era ... . etnco] "that I may say nothing else," 
i. e. nothing worse. Alluding to the epithet which he had 
just applied to iEschines. 

320. icpapCXXov .... K€ijj.evTi$] " patriotism for their coun- 
try lying open for rivalry to all in common," i. e. all hav- 
ing an equal chance to show their zeal for their country. 
The time here alluded to is opposed to that alluded to a few 
lines below, when, after the ascendency of the Macedonian 
power, men were not judged of by their zeal for their coun- 
try, but by their zeal for their masters ; in which last period 
he freely acknowledges that he was eclipsed by iEschines 
and his friends. — lv rd^et .... l7nroTp6(pos] " (became) both 
great in rank, and a famous keeper of race-horses." A 
matter of great pride in Greece. 

321. fxerpiov iroh'iTT]v\ " a respectable, frugal citizen." Op- 
posed to the traitors, who made such a display with their 
; ll-gotten gains. Thus also De Cherson. § 76. — lv pev .... 
diacpv'XdTTei.v] " in favorable opportunities to maintain for the 
city the pursuit of honor and supremacy." — tovtov .... 
erepa] " for of this, or of thus much, nature has the control, 
but of the ability and power, other things." That is to say, 
it was within the power of every one to have these feelings 
and designs towards his country, though the ability to carry 
ihem out depended upon various other things. 

322. Owe egaiTovp.evos, k. t. X.] The orator here alludes 



NOTES. 255 

lo the various ways in which he had been persecuted by his 
enemies, most of which have been referred to in the pre- 
vious part of the Oration. 

323. erepaiv] " of others," i. e. others besides his country- 
men. — rfjv Begiav .... otco/nai] " extending the hand (by 
way of salutation) and offering my congratulations to those 
whom I may expect to announce it there," i. e. in Macedo- 
nia. The orator here refers to those at Athens who were 
desirous of being known to the enemy as zealous advocates 
of their cause, and hence, on occasion of any success of 
the Macedonian arms, were particular to offer their con. 
gratulations to such of the Macedonian party at Athens as 
would be likely to report their zeal at head-quarters. 

324. Mr) 8rjT, k. t. X.] This peroration is short, but ex- 
ceedingly impressive. It forms a proper climax to the tone 
of patriotic fervor which pervades the whole Oration, and a 
fitting conclusion to the indignant strain of rebuke which 
the orator has uttered against the enemies of his country. 
— i&'heis icai npoaiXeis .... 7rotr)<TaTe] " wholly destroy, and 
that, too, speedily " (lit. before their time). See Orat. 
F. L. p. 395, init. 



APPENDIX ON THE DOCUMENTS. 



The great difficulties connected with the interpretation of the 
decrees and other documents found in this oration seem to re- 
quire a separate and more extended discussion of their charac- 
ter and contents than could be given in the Notes. The genu- 
ineness of these documents has long been a subject of debate, and 
especially, of late, has been ably discussed by Professors Boeckh 
and Vomel in the affirmative, and Professors Droysen and New- 
man in the negative. But little more will be attempted here than 
briefly to indicate the most important results arrived at by this dis- 
cussion, so far as known to the author. The arguments against 
the genuineness of the documents are, — 

1. The fact, that in the other orations of Demosthenes, and 
those of the other Attic orators, as well as in the latter half of 
this oration, we generally find only the bare titles of the docu- 
ments. This being the fact, the question at once arises, how it 
could have happened. No reason can be discovered, in the nature 
of the case, why they should have been incorporated into the text 
in the first twenty-seven instances, and not in the remainder. If 
they were inserted by the author himself, why did he stop here? 
and why are they not found in his other orations, and in those of 
the other Attic orators 1 

2. Out of the fourteen documents which require the name of the 
archon to be mentioned during whose year of office they were 
enacted, only one name agrees with the received lists of archons 
which have come down to us. This solitary true name is that of 
Chaerondas (§ 54), which could hardly have been mistaken by a 
fabricator, from its known connection with the fatal battle of Chae- 
ronea. 

22* 



258 APPENDIX. 

3. No inconsiderable difficulty is found in the language of the 
documents ; such as inversions in the order of words in set phrases, 
unusual designations of office and duties, uncommon words and 
uncommon meanings. 

4. Quite a number of the documents do not seem at all pertinent 
to the connection. The remarks of the orator by which they are 
introduced, or the comments which he makes upon them, seem to 
suppose, in several instances, something very different from what 
we find. This is especially true of the following documents: — 
1. Philip's letter relative to his detention of the Athenian vessels 
(§ 77). It is introduced by the orator in order to show that Philip 
«asts the blame of breaking the peace on others, while he exon- 
erates him, and is commented upon as fully proving the point. 
But the letter found in the text does not sustain the assertion, 
without considerable violence in its interpretation. 2. The docu- 
ments connected with his reform of the tnerarchy (§§ 105, 106). 
They seem very deficient in fulness, and quite different from what 
we are led to expect, from the connection and the titles by which 
they are designated, especially the Karakoyoi. 3. The documents 
concerning the relation between Athens and Thebes (§§ 164- 167). 
These are introduced to show the unhappy state of feeling between 
the two cities, brought about by iEschines and his party. We 
are led to expect, therefore, decrees of mutual crimination. But 
the decrees found in the text both relate to Philip, and only one of 
them alludes to the Thebans at all. Besides, one of the letters of 
Philip is called a reply to the Thebans, while we have no decree at 
all from the Thebans to which he could reply. 

5. Several of the decrees present very serious historical diffi- 
culties, especially the following: — 1. The decree of Demosthe- 
nes concerning the oaths (the first in the series, § 29). This de- 
cree, as found in the text, differs from the account given of it 
elsewhere, both byzEschines and Demosthenes, in several particu- 
lars. First, the date of it is more than a month after the return 
of the embassy which it was designed to despatch (see notes on 
§30, 'and the Calendar). Second, it is clearly implied in the 
oration of Demosthenes, De F. L. (p. 376), that there were ten 
ambassadors on this embassy, while only five are here mentioned. 
and of these the name of only one (that of ^schines) agrees with 
the list of those known to have been upon the embassy. Third, 
an important particular is omitted in the decree, which is described 



APPENDIX. 259 

Dy Demosthenes (F. L., p. 389) as having been intioduced into it, 
— the provision that the admiral (Proxenus) should conduct the 
ambassadors directly to Philip. Fourth, it speaks of the peace as 
having been voted at the first assembly, whereas it was voted at 
the second, on the 19th of Elaphebolion (Dem. F. L., p. 359) ; 
and, besides, makes no allusion to the alliance which was coupled 
with the peace in the decree referred to, as is evident even from 
Demosthenes (F. L., pp. 353, 354). 2. The decree of Callisthe- 
nes immediately after the submission of the Phocians to Philip 
($§ 37, 38). In the first place, the date is nearly five. months after 
the surrender of the Phocians to Philip, while Demosthenes, both 
in this oration (§ 36), and in th? Orat. de F. L. (p. 379), states 
that the decree was passed immediately after that event. In the 
second place, several things are omitted here, which are described 
by Demosthenes (F. L., p. 379) as having been contained in the 
decree. 3. The second Amphictyonic decree (§ 155) purports to 
have been passed at the spring session, whereas it is stated by De- 
mosthenes, in the remarks by which he introduces the decrees, 
that it was passed at the session follqwing that at which the pre- 
ceding decree was passed, i. e. the following autumnal session. 
The designation Arcadian, given to Cottyphus, may have arisen 
from confounding Parrhasian (an Arcadian name) with Pharsalian, 
which was his proper designation. 4. The decrees of Heropy- 
thes concerning the relation between Athens and Thebes ssem to 
contain an obscure allusion to a second peace with Philip, after 
the war of Byzantium, which is highly incredible, though attested 
by Diodorus. There are no important difficulties in the other 
documents. 

The counter arguments in favor of the genuineness of the docu- 
ments are, briefly, as follows : — 

1. It is not necessary, in order to make out their genuineness, 
to suppose that the orator himself incorporated them into his 
speech, but only that they were actually taken from the public ar 
chives, on the supposition that they were the identical records referred 
to in the text, and not fabricated. This may have been done some 
time after the publication of the speech; which, indeed, is the 
commonly received view. 

2. Hence it is very easy to imagine how they came to be incom- 
plete, since it is very conceivable that the records themselves, from 
a certain point, may have been lost or mislaid, or from some other 
cause rendered defective. 



260 APPENDIX 

3. Hence, also, the almost uniformly wrong archons. The 
documents for a year were probably inclosed in a single envelope, 
or deposited in a single compartment, containing the name of the 
chief archon for the year, while those acted upon during each Pry- 
tany bore the name of the clerk for the Prytany. When, now, 
these documents were taken from the archives for publication, the 
name of the archon may have been lost or overlooked, and the 
name of the clerk for the Prytany mistaken for it. 

4. Hence, too, the wrong document would often be introduced 
instead of the right one, which accounts for their want of perti- 
nence in many cases, and the historical difficulties in others. 

5. Most of the remaining difficulties may be accounted for, either 
by supposing corruptions in the decrees, to which they would be 
very liable under the circumstances supposed, or inaccuracies in 
the original drafts, on account of their referring to matters which 
their authors did not understand. 

The judgment of Vomel (as given in the Class. Mus., No. 
VIII. ), after surveying the whole question, is, that " five documents 
are attached to a wrong place, four are full of gaps, one perhaps 
imperfect, and one forged." 



INDEX TO THE NOTES. 



I. NAMES AND SUBJECTS. 



Abuses of democracy, 143. 

Accumulation of negatives, 13, 
24, 21G, 312. 

Accusative absolute, 30. 

Adverbs ending in dev, 244. 

iEschines, enmity between him 
and Demosthenes, 17; of small 
stature, 129 ; his character and 
course, 258-267; had a fine 
voice, 280. 

Amphictyonic Council, 148 ; 
constitution and place of meet- 
ing, 151, 154, 155; — War, 
149. 

Ancient oratory, character of, 22. 

Aposiopesis, 3, 22. 

Archons, 29, 54. 

Areopagus, 133. 

Aristonicus, 312. 

Aristophon, 162. 

Asyndeton with ertpos. 219. 

Athenian Calendar, 29. 

Athens, the two parties there, 
89 ; tribes at, 29 ; age of ma- 
jority at, 177 ; assemblies of 
the people at, 37 ; number of 
generals at, 38 ; character of 
them during the contest with 
Philip, 145. 

Bceotian towns, 43. 

Byzantium, 87, 90. 

Cephalus, 251. 

Chaeronea, 195. 

Cirrha, 149. 



Classification of Solon, 171. 

Clepsydra, 139. 

Climax, 179. 

Colyttus, 75. 

Constructio Kara avvecriv, 277, 
310. 

Crier at the public assemblies at 
Athens, 282 ; invitation given 
by him at the opening of the 
meetings, 170. 

Dative by attraction, 128, 306. 

Decelea, 96. 

Demades, 285. 

Demosthenes, his statesmanship, 
301 - 303 ; his voice, 280 ; 
elevated sentiments, 97 ; se- 
verity of language, 242 ; hap- 
py use of illustrations, 243 ; 
repair of the walls of Athens, 
299 ; his style, 142 ; his labors 
against Philip, 218, 237, 270 , 
powerful summing up of top- 
ics and arguments, 86, 265. 

Denial of both protasis and apo- 
dosis, 76. 

Direct for indirect discourse, 241. 

Divided state of the Peloponne- 
sus, 18. 

Dodonian Jupiter, 253. 

Eleusis, 177. 

Embassies to Philip, 17. 

Enthymems, 139. 

Epigram, 289. 

Eubcea, its situation, 71. 



262 



INDEX. 



Eubulus, 162. 

Examination of accounts of pub- 
lic officers at Athens j 112, 117. 

Festivals of Bacchus at Athens, 
54. 

Forms in vp.i and va> inter- 
changed, 76. 

Funeral feasts at Athens, 288. 

Future in subordinate clauses, 26. 

Generals. See Athens. 

Harmosts, 96. 

Inverted attraction, 16, 200. 

Locrians of Amphissa, 149. 

Logical and oratorical order of 
words, 134. 

List of traitors in the Grecian 
states, 295, 296. 

Neuter for masculine, 47. 

Oath by the heroes of Marathon, 
etc., 208. 

Occasion of the Oration for the 
Crown, 17. 

Oratorical pleonasms, 21, 137. 

Participial construction, 122. 

Partitive genitive, instead of tak- 
ing the case of the adjective, 
22, 132. 

Peace with Philip, 17. 

Perfect and aorist dif. , 142. 

Perinthus, 90. 

Personal instead of impersonal 
construction, 41, 198. 

Piraeus, 132. 

Plural of abstract nouns, 210. 



Pnyx, 55 ; its situation, 169. « 
Position of Athens among the 

states of Greece, 63. 
Pregnant construction, 14, 138. 
Preliminary skirmishes with 

Philip, '216. 
Pres. in fut. sense, 21. 
Published speeches of the orators 

different from the spoken, 215. 
Relative used as an adjective pro- 
noun, 10. 
Return of the descendants of 

Hercules, 186. 
Second Sacred War, 18. 
Senate-chamber at Athens, its 

situation, 169. 
Social War, 17, 234. 
Temple of Delos, 134. 
Theocrines, 313. 
Theoric fund, 28, 119. 
Thermopylae, 32. 
Thesmothetae, 116. 
The trierarchy, 99, 102, 104 - 

106. 
Time of the tenses in connection 

with ei and dv, 76, 201. 
Traitors, 48, 49, 295. 
Verbals, construction of, 58. 
Verbs of willing, construction of, 

11. 
Vices of democracies, 143, 246. 
Whole in apposition with its 

parts, 182. 
Zeugma, 289. 



II. GREEK WORDS AND PHRASES. 



ayicvpa, 281. 

dyoovodsrrjs, 84. 

ddiKrjfiara, dp.apTrjp.ara, drf^/za- 

rct, 274. 
alr'ta, btafiokr), XotSopia, 7. 
clkovlt'i, 200. 
dXrjdes, 249. 
cWXa yap, 42, 111. 
aXXcos re Kav, 5. 



dp,a p,ev .... ap.a 8e, 219. 

dp.eiva>v, KpeiTTav, dif., 215. 

dp.etvov rvparreiv, 254. 

av, 16, 17; omitted with histori- 
cal tenses, 248. 

dvaXaftelv, construction of, 163. 

dvacpopd, 219. 

dvrjp, with names of nations, 
etc., 1. 



INDEX. 



263 



avdpcanos for 6 avdpairos, 139. 

anXus, 88. 

AiroXXow narpcoos, 141. 

airovoia, 249. 

dpxiTeKTcov, 28. 

ficiKTrjpLa, 210. 

(3e\TL(TTO. 7TpaTT€lV, 252. 

(3\ao-<frr]pe'iv, construction of, 11. 
ye, ironical, 136 ; between a 

preposition and its case, 216. 
ypappciTOKvcpcdv, 209. 
ypa(pr) napavopcov, 9. 
yep pa, 169. 
8e, dXXd, dif., 287. 
8etfor7/y, 277. 
SeKapxia, 18. 
Si? = as is well known, 18, 139, 

298. 
drjpiovpyos, 157. 
dfaore, 21, 261. 
biavoia = state of mind, 192. 
bibovai = to offer, 103. 
dvolv ddrepov, 139. 
dvcrKoXov =ddlKOV, 176. 
e(3ovX6pr/v and 7](3uvX6prjv, 64. 
ets after a verb of rest implying 

a previous motion, 157. 
cicrayyeXia, 13. 
ets 1 di/^p, 143. 

eldevat, yiyva>o~Keiv, dif., 48. 
eiceivos = that renowned, 219; 

unusual position of, 71, 238. 

eKTTL7TT€LV, 265. 

eXelv tt]v ypa(pr)V, 3. 

eXevOepos = eXevdepios, 242. 

e^ie clvtov, ipavrov, dif., 13, 279. 

eV = with, 28. 

e£eTa£6p€vos, 277. 

e^eracris, e£;€Tao~p6s, dif., 16. 

ttjdoXrjs /cat npoojXrjS, 324. 

e-Vi = under, in the power of, 

166, 215; with oTcoTrelv, 210, 

233. 
tnio-Tarr]?, 29. 
€TU(rTr]cras, 87. 

erepos without the article, 87. 
e'(/>e|7>, 110. 
rjyepovia, 202. 
?7 rjpipa i<d(TTrj, 249. 
&Xos, 129. 
iapfieiocpdyos, 139, 180. 



liri7orp6(f)os, 320. 

Kat concessive with participle, 

50, 258 ; — ^ 14 ; — ... . 

oV = and also, 215 ; — ydp, 
. 65 ; — ravra = and that too, 

282. — .... re nai, 1. 
Kcupos, xpovos, dif., 48. 
KaXapiTt]s, 129. 
KaXoKayadia, 93. 

KClXwS 7TOLOVVT€5, 231. 

Kara = contemporary with, 298, 

317. 
Kara-^evbecrdaL, construction of, 

11. 
KXrjpovopelv, with two genitives, 

312. 
KXijTopes, 55. 
Kocvfj, 8. 

XavOdveiv, construction of, 190. 
paXiara piv, 164, 267, 324 ; ra 

— , 21. 
peXXet. with fut. infin., 8. 
peu ovu, 130. 
Moucrcoi/ Xet'ai/, 72. 
yj) Ata, concessive, 101, 117. 
vopl^eiv, o'UudaL, dif., 252. 
vvv referring to an actual course 

of events, tot* to a supposed 

course, 195, 200. 
£vXov, 129. 

6 StCOKOW, 7. 

o'UaOai ironical, like the English 

" trow," 225. 
oiKelos = noXiTiKos, 234. 
oXiyov (piKpov) delv, 20, 151, 

269*. 
opcopoxevai, opKOvv, SpKifciv, 6. 
07TrjVLKa for et, 14. 
O7rcos /L07 with fut. indie , 276. 
daa for a when referring to 

quantity. 
6s pev, demonstrative, 164. 
otl without a predicate expressed, 

293. 
ov 8eov, 133, 277. 
ovkovv {ovkovv), 24. 

r>VT£ .... OVT€, 24, 186. 

ottos' nearly = tolovtos, 173. 
ourco, referring to what follows, 

138, 269 ; separated from its 

word. 33, 163, 220. 



264 



INDEX, 



0V% 07TC0S, 131. 

Tiapd = at the same time that, 

in connection with, 13, 226. 
Ttapeia, 260. 
Trapievai, Tvpo'ievai, 303. 
7repi — round among, in, 147. 
nepLovaia, 3. 
7repLTpippa dyopds, 127. 
TvqvLKa for oTrrjvLKa, 308. 

TTLVCLKIOV, 210. 

TrX^i/ ouk, 45. 

7rd#ei>, 47. 

ttomIv v7T€p(3o\r)v = vnepfidWew, 

190. 
7ro\ep,dp)(OS, 175. 
7To\LTevecr6ai, Trpdrreiv, ttolcIv, 4. 
7roXXo£) ye mi Set, 47. 
Tropneia, 11; Tropiveveiv, 122. 
Tvoppco with genitive, 299. 
wpdypara = difficulties, troubles, 

246. 
irpodyeiv, irpocrdytiv, dif., 206. 
Trpoalpeais kcu TroXireia, 93. 
npoedpoLj 29 ; — tioti contributes, 

29. 
TrpoOetrpia, 125. 
TrpoXaftelv, 224 . 

7rpo?= in comparison with, 256. 
TrpoTtpos, 7rp6repov, 7. 
Trpvraveveiv, 29. 
Trpwrov, irpcorov ueV, dif., 56. 
IluXat, 32. 
fiLToivrjs, 248. 
vvpfiokov, 210. 

<TVp(3ov\oS KCU (TVKOCpdvTT]9, 189. 

<r-^r]para, 22. 
o-^Tjo-eiv for e^eii/, 45. 
ra jud\«rra, 21. 
ra pez/ . . . . ra Se, 302. 
ra Tipicorara, 215. 
riQevai y\rr]<povs, 227. 



Tt KCLKOV OV^l, 48. 

rip,copia, riprjpa, ra iniTiata, dif., 
12. 

rts = piyas, 225. 

ro 6° ouy Kecpcikcuov, 213. 

r6 kgu to = this and that, 243. 

r6 mr' e'pe, 246. 

to Xoi7roi>, ra Xot7ra, rou Xowrov, 
^ dif., 78. 

r6 /xe> Trpcorov, 87. 

roi? oXoi?, /ca^' oXov, 39. 

roT? 7rp6s epe, 14. 

rocroCiros referring to what fol- 
lows, 60. 

ru^en/, 130; rv^oi/ = perhaps, 
221. 

virdpxeiv, 1. 

inrdp-^cov, cov, napcov, vircov, dif., 
17. 

t»7rep nearly =7repi, 9. 

v7ro\oyi£e(T0ai, 6"iaXoyi£ecrc9ai, 
dif., 99. 

vncopoaia, 103. 

cpavrjvcu with infin.and part., 71 

(pepecv kcu ayeiv, 230. 

<popd, 61, 271. 

(pvydbes, 71. 

Xprjtrrus, ironical, 30. 

XoIw£, 129. 

cos, with ace. absolute, 276 ; with 
an adverb, 85, 128, 212;== 
els or 7rpo?, 133, 169 ; — apa, 
usage, 22, 54. 

cos eoiKev, ironical, 63. 

coot' ov instead of coo-re uq, 120, 
283. 

cooTrep av referring to a sup- 
pressed predicate, 194, 214. 

co(pe\ov expressing a wish tfiat 
cannot be realized, 288 

co^ero Xa/3ci)j>, 40. 



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